Editing Competitive exclusion principle (section)

==Application to humans==

Evidence showing that the competitive exclusion principle operates in human groups has been reviewed and integrated into [[Theory of Regal and Kungic Societal Structures|regality theory]] to explain warlike and peaceful societies.<ref name="Fog2017">{{Cite book |last=Fog |first=Agner |title=Warlike and Peaceful Societies: The Interaction of Genes and Culture |date=2017 |publisher=Open Book Publishers |isbn=978-1-78374-403-9 |doi=10.11647/OBP.0128 |doi-access=free}}</ref> For example, hunter-gatherer groups surrounded by other hunter-gatherer groups in the same [[ecological niche]] will fight, at least occasionally, while hunter-gatherer groups surrounded by groups with a different means of subsistence can coexist peacefully.<ref name=Fog2017/>

Another recent application: in his work ''Historical Dynamics,'' [[Peter Turchin]] developed the so-called ''meta-ethnic [[Frontier Thesis|frontier theory]],'' wherein both rise and eventual [[Fall of Empires|fall of empires]] derives from geographically and or -politically colliding populations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turchin |first=Peter |title=Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall |date=2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=NJ |pages=50–77}}</ref> Accordingly, boundary regions, in which the competitive exclusion principle applies, are supposed to be key to human [[ethnogenesis]]. Summarizing its more wide-ranging predictions all in one:<blockquote>''[[Asabiyyah|Asabiya]]'' is a concept from the writings of Ibn Khaldun which Turchin defines as “the capacity for collective action” of a society. The Metaethnic Frontier theory is meant to incorporate asabiya as a key factor in predicting the dynamics of imperial agrarian societies - how they grow, shrink, and begin. Turchin posits that multi-level selection can help us identify the dynamics of asabiya in groups. He follows by noting three ways in which the logic of multi-level selection can be relevant in understanding change in “collective solidarity”: intergroup conflict, population and resource constraints, and ethnic boundaries.

For small groups, intergroup conflict can increase asabiya as people need to band together to survive as a group. Conversely (again for small groups), a large population with respect to available resources can decrease asabiya as individuals compete for limited resources. For larger groups, Turchin proposes that ethnic boundries can influence how bands of small groups with moderate ethnic differences can band together against people who are even more “ethnically distanced” - more “Other”. In this process of small groups banding together against peoples more Other than themselves, they can form what Turchin calls a ''Metaethnic Frontier'' … Turchin notes that the ethnic boundary dynamic which generates asabiya in a large group (composed of smaller groups) is weak because as the size of the group grows larger, the central regions are less exposed to intergroup conflict and asabiya decreases, leading to greater internal division. Finally, Turchin notes that all three aforementioned possibilities occur at regions which constitute imperial and metaethnic frontiers (imperial and metaethnic frontiers often coincide, he notes). It is in these regions of intense dynamics where asabiya is forged which are most prone to ''ethnogenesis.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byim |first=Martin |date=3 December 2019 |title=Implementing Turchin's Metaethnic Frontier Theory With NetLogo |url=http://mbyim.com/2019/12/03/Metaethnic-Frontier-Implementation/ |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref></blockquote>