Editing Compulsory sterilization (section)

===== Complications =====
In the 1977 study, a one-year follow-up of 585 men sterilized at vasectomy camps in Shibpur and Shalna in rural Bangladesh showed that almost half of the men were dissatisfied with their vasectomies.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

58% of the men said their ability to work had decreased in the last year. 2–7% of the men said their sexual performance decreases. 30.6% of the Shibpur and 18.9% of the Shalna men experienced severe pain during the vasectomy. The men also said they had not received all of the incentives they had been promised.<ref name=":3" />

According to another study on 5042 women and 264 men who underwent sterilization, complications such as painful urination, shaking chills, fever for at least two days, frequent urination, bleeding from the incision, sore with pus, stitches or skin breaking open, weakness and [[dizziness]] arose after the sterilization.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

The person's sex, the sponsor and workload in the sterilization center, and the dose of [[sedative]]s administered to women were significantly associated with specific postoperative complaints. Five women died during the study, resulting in a death-to-case rate of 9.9/10,000 tubectomies (tubal ligations); four deaths were due to [[respiratory arrest]] caused by overuse of sedatives. The death-to-case rate of 9.9/10,000 tubectomies (tubal ligation) in this study is similar to the 10.0 deaths/10,000 cases estimated on the basis of a 1979 follow-up study in an Indian female sterilization camp. The presence of a complaint before the operation was generally a good predictor of postoperative complaints. Centers performing fewer than 200 procedures were associated with more complaints.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rosenberg|first1=M. J.|last2=Rochat|first2=R. W.|last3=Akbar|first3=J.|last4=Gould|first4=P.|last5=Khan|first5=A. R.|last6=Measham|first6=A.|last7=Jabeen|first7=S.|date=August 1982|title=Sterilization in Bangladesh: mortality, morbidity, and risk factors|journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics|volume=20|issue=4|pages=283–291|issn=0020-7292|pmid=6127262|doi=10.1016/0020-7292(82)90057-1|s2cid=26123485}}</ref>

According to another study based on 20 sterilization-attributable deaths in [[Dacca Division|Dacca]] (now Dhaka) and [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]] Divisions in Bangladesh, from 1 January 1979, to 31 March 1980, overall, the sterilization-attributable death-to-case rate was 21.3 deaths/100,000 sterilizations. The death rate for vasectomy was 1.6 times higher than that for tubal ligation. [[Anesthesia]] overdosage was the leading cause of death following tubal ligation along with [[tetanus]] (24%), where intraperitoneal hemorrhage (14%), and infection other than tetanus (5%) was other leading causes of death.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Two women (10%) died from [[pulmonary embolism]] after tubal ligation; one (5%) died from each of the following: [[anaphylaxis]] from anti-tetanus serum, [[heat stroke]], [[small bowel obstruction]], and aspiration of vomitus. All seven men died from scrotal infections after vasectomy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grimes|first1=D. A.|last2=Peterson|first2=H. B.|last3=Rosenberg|first3=M. J.|last4=Fishburne|first4=J. I.|last5=Rochat|first5=R. W.|last6=Khan|first6=A. R.|last7=Islam|first7=R.|date=April 1982|title=Sterilization-attributable deaths in bangladesh|journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics|volume=20|issue=2|pages=149–154|issn=0020-7292|pmid=6125437|doi=10.1016/0020-7292(82)90029-7|s2cid=24472598}}</ref>

According to a second epidemiologic investigation of deaths attributable to sterilization in Bangladesh, where all deaths resulting from sterilizations performed nationwide between 16 September 1980 and 15 April 1981, were investigated and analyzed, nineteen deaths from tubal ligation were attributed to 153,032 sterilizations (both tubal ligation and vasectomy), for an overall death-to-case rate of 12.4 deaths per 100,000 sterilizations. This rate was lower than that (21.3) for sterilizations performed in Dacca (now Dhaka) and Rajshahi Divisions from 1 January 1979 to 31 March 1980, although this difference was not statistically significant. Anesthesia overdosage, tetanus, and [[hemorrhage]] (bleeding) were the leading causes of death.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grimes|first1=D. A.|last2=Satterthwaite|first2=A. P.|last3=Rochat|first3=R. W.|last4=Akhter|first4=N.|date=November 1982|title=Deaths from contraceptive sterilization in bangladesh: rates, causes, and prevention|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=60|issue=5|pages=635–640|issn=0029-7844|pmid=7145254}}</ref>