Editing Consent decree (section)

===Structural reform===

====School desegregation====
 
The effort to [[Desegregation|desegregate]] American public schools began in 1954 with ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''. This [[List of landmark court decisions in the United States|landmark]] Supreme Court case established that racial segregation of children in public schools was in violation of the [[Equal Protection Clause]] of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]], which requires that states must not "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws".<ref>{{ussc |name=Brown v. Board of Education |volume=347 |page=483 |pin=495 |date=1954}}.</ref> To properly enforce this legislation, the Supreme Court allowed district courts to use desegregation decrees obligating states to actively transition into racially nondiscriminatory school systems, with "all deliberate speed".<ref>{{ussc |name=Brown v. Board of Education |volume=349 |page=294 |pin=295 |date=1954}}.</ref> Since the original decree did not include specific ways this could be done, beginning with ''[[Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education]]'' in 1971, the Supreme Court specifically defined the objective as eliminating "all vestiges of state imposed segregation"<ref>{{ussc |name=Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education |volume=402 |page=1 |pin=15 |date=1971}}.
{{cite court |name= |court= |reporter=U.S. |pinpoint=15 |date= |url= https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/402/1/case.html#15}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2020|reason=Most of the citation details are missing.}} within school systems, including the limited use of [[Desegregation busing|busing]],<ref>''Swann'', 402 U.S. at 29–31.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Green |first=Preston Cary |date=1999 |title=Can State Constitutional Provisions Eliminate de Facto Segregation in the Public Schools? |journal=The Journal of Negro Education |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=138–153 |doi=10.2307/2668121 |issn=0022-2984 |jstor=2668121 }}</ref> [[racial quota]]s,<ref>''Swann'', 402 U.S. at 22–25.</ref> the creation of [[magnet school]]s and judicial placement of new schools,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=G. Scott |date=1987 |title=Unitary School Systems and Underlying Vestiges of State-Imposed Segregation |journal=[[Columbia Law Review]] |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=794–816 |doi=10.2307/1122610 |issn=0010-1958 |jstor=1122610 }}</ref> and the redrawing of school attendance zones.<ref>''Swann'', 402 U.S. at 27–29.</ref> To stop judicial intervention in schools and end the consent decree through a court order, districts must demonstrate desegregation within six criteria defined in the ''[[Green v. County School Board of New Kent County]]''<ref>{{ussc |name=Green v. County School Board of New Kent County |volume=391 |page=430 |date=1968}}.</ref> ruling&nbsp;– which include, student assignment, faculty, staff, transportation, extracurricular activities, and facilities.<ref>''Green'', 391 U.S. at 435.</ref>{{sfn|Baradaran-Robinson|2003|p=1346}}

====Police use of violence====
Consent decrees have been signed by a number of cities concerning their police departments' [[Use of force|use-of-force]] policies and practices,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/investigative/2015/11/13/forced-reforms-mixed-results/ |title=Forced Reforms, Mixed Results |last1=Kelly |first1=Kimbriell |date=November 13, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=November 10, 2016 |last2=Childress |first2=Sarah |last3=Rich |first3=Steven}}</ref> including [[Chicago]], [[New Orleans]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wwltv.com/news/local/residents-say-consent-decree-changes-are-negatively-impacting-the-community/145985013 |title=Residents say consent decree changes are negatively impacting the community |last=Dall |first=Tania |publisher=WWL |date=April 20, 2016 |access-date=November 11, 2016 |archive-date=November 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111124528/http://www.wwltv.com/news/local/residents-say-consent-decree-changes-are-negatively-impacting-the-community/145985013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Oakland, California|Oakland]],<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Oakland-police-misconduct-cases-raise-doubts-on-8350857.php |title=Oakland police misconduct cases raise questions on oversight |last=Swan |first=Rachel |date=July 10, 2016 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> [[Los Angeles]] (whose consent decree was lifted in 2013),<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2013-may-16-la-me-lapd-consent-decree-20130517-story.html |title=Federal judge lifts LAPD consent decree |last=Rubin |first=Joel |date=May 16, 2013 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> [[Baltimore]],<ref>{{cite web|title=City of Baltimore Consent Decree|url=https://consentdecree.baltimorecity.gov/}}</ref> [[Ferguson, Missouri]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msnbc.com/all-in/watch/the-damage-done-by-jeff-sessions-last-act-as-ag-1412616771933|title=The damage done by Jeff Sessions' last act as AG|website=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> [[Seattle]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seattlemet.com/news-and-city-life/2020/07/seattle-s-decade-of-attempts-to-fix-the-police-timeline|title = Seattle's Decade of Attempts to Fix the Police: A Timeline}}</ref> [[United States v. City of Portland|Portland]], and [[Albuquerque]].<ref>{{cite news |title=APD specialized squads, Internal Affairs getting overhaul in DOJ consent decree |url=http://krqe.com/2014/10/31/apd-specialized-squads-internal-affairs-getting-overhaul-in-doj-consent-decree/ |last=Proctor |first=Jeff |publisher=KRQE |date=October 31, 2014 |access-date=November 11, 2016 |archive-date=November 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111191453/http://krqe.com/2014/10/31/apd-specialized-squads-internal-affairs-getting-overhaul-in-doj-consent-decree/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On June 16, 2023, Minneapolis officials promised to enter into negotiations for a consent decree to be enforced by the DOJ in response to a scathing June 2023 [[US Department of Justice]] report resulting from a multiyear federal investigation into the "patterns and practices" of [[Minneapolis Police Department]] following the [[Timeline of race relations and policing in Minneapolis–Saint Paul|May 25, 2020]] [[murder of George Floyd]] by MPD officers.<ref name="Londoño_NYT_20230606">{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last1 = Londoño| first1 = Ernesto| last2 = Thrush| first2 = Glenn| last3 = Smith| first3 = Mitch| last4 = Simmons| first4 = Dan| title = Minneapolis Police Used Illegal, Abusive Practices for Years, Justice Dept. Finds| work = The New York Times| access-date = June 17, 2023| date = June 16, 2023 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/16/us/doj-report-minneapolis-police.html}}</ref><ref name="Dewan_NYT_20230607">{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Dewan| first = Shaila| title = Consent Decrees Force Changes to Policing. But Do Reforms Last?| work = The New York Times| access-date = June 17, 2023 | date = June 17, 2023 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/17/us/consent-decrees-police-reform.html}}</ref>