Editing Conservatism (section)

=== Authoritarian conservatism ===
{{main|Authoritarian conservatism}}
{{see also|Far-right politics|Ultraconservatism}}
Authoritarian conservatism refers to [[autocratic]] regimes that portray authority as absolute and unquestionable.{{sfn|Heywood|2017|p=72}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pinto |first1=António |last2=Kallis |first2=A. |title=Rethinking Fascism and Dictatorship in Europe |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-7190-2354-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=David |title=Illusions of Grandeur: Mosley, Fascism, and British Society, 1931-81 |publisher=Manchester University Press |page=218}}</ref> Authoritarian conservative movements show strong devotion towards religion, tradition, and culture while also expressing fervent nationalism akin to other far-right nationalist movements.{{sfn|Freeden|Sargent|Stears|2013|pp=294–297}}<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Kater |author-first=Michael H. |title=Never Sang for Hitler: The Life and Times of Lotte Lehmann, 1888–1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5XHEAxEEtgC |isbn=978-0521873925}}</ref> Examples of authoritarian conservative dictators include Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]] in France,<ref name=":10">{{cite book |author-last=Hoffmann |author-first=Stanley |chapter=The Vichy Circle of French Conservatives |title=Decline or Renewal? : France since 1930s |year=1974 |pages=3–25 |publisher=Viking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdFnAAAAMAAJ |isbn=0670262358}}</ref> Regent [[Miklós Horthy]] in Hungary,<ref name=":8">{{cite book |author-last=Lojkó |author-first=Miklós |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-IOJWicco8C&pg=PA180 |title=Meddling in Middle Europe: Britain and the 'Lands Between, 1919–1925 |publisher=Central European University Press |year=2005 |page=180 |isbn=9637326235}}</ref> General [[Ioannis Metaxas]] in Greece,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sørensen |first1=Gert |title=International Fascism,1919-45 |last2=Mallett |first2=Robert |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0714682624 |page=159}}</ref> King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander I]] in Yugoslavia,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graham |first=Malbone W. |date=1929 |title=The "Dictatorship" in Yugoslavia |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400113097/type/journal_article |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=449–459 |doi=10.2307/1945227 |jstor=1945227}}</ref> Prime Minister [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] in Portugal,<ref>Howard J. Wiarda, Margaret MacLeish Mott. ''Catholic Roots and Democratic Flowers: Political Systems in Spain and Portugal.'' Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. p. 49</ref> Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] in Austria,{{sfn|Bischof|2003|p=26}} ''Generalissimo'' [[Francisco Franco]] in Spain,<ref>Stanley G. Payne. ''Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977''. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. pp. 77–102.</ref> King [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] in Romania,<ref name=":11">{{cite book |author-last=Blamires |author-first=Cyprian |title=World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C |isbn=1576079406}}</ref> and Tsar [[Boris III of Bulgaria|Boris III]] in Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite book |title= King of Mercy: Boris III of Bulgaria, 1894–1943 |author-last=Pashanko |author-first=Dimitroff |year=1993 |page=243 |publisher=Wexford & Barrow |isbn=9781879593695 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYMvAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
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|footer = King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia]] and Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] of Austria, authoritarian conservative dictators who were assassinated by fascist and Nazi political enemies
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Authoritarian conservative movements were prominent in the same era as [[fascism]], with which they sometimes clashed.{{sfn|Blinkhorn|1990|p=10}} Although both ideologies shared core values such as nationalism and had common enemies such as [[communism]], there was nonetheless a contrast between the traditionalist and elitist nature of authoritarian conservatism and the revolutionary and populist nature of fascism—thus it was common for authoritarian conservative regimes to suppress rising fascist and [[Nazism|Nazi]] movements.<ref name=":11" /> The hostility between the two ideologies is highlighted by the struggle for power in Austria, which was marked by the assassination of the ultra-Catholic dictator [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] by [[Austrian Nazism|Austrian Nazis]]. Likewise, [[Ustaše|Croatian fascists]] assassinated King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Tomasevich |first=Jozo |year=2001 |title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC |pages=33–34}}</ref> In Romania, as the fascist [[Iron Guard]] was gaining popularity and [[Nazi Germany]] was making advances on the European political stage, King [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]] ordered the execution of [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]] and other top-ranking Romanian fascists.<ref>Butnaru, Ion C., ''The Silent Holocaust: Romania and Its Jews'' (1992), Praeger/Greenwood: Westport, pp. 62–63</ref> The exiled German Emperor [[Wilhelm II]] was an enemy of [[Adolf Hitler]] and stated that Nazism made him ashamed to be a German for the first time in his life.<ref name=":7">{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Balfour |title=The Kaiser and his Times |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1964 |page=409}}</ref> The Catholic seminarian [[António de Oliveira Salazar]], who was Portugal's dictator for 40 years, denounced fascism and Nazism as a "pagan [[Caesarism]]" that did not recognize legal, religious, or moral limits.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Kay |author-first=Hugh |year=1970 |title=Salazar and Modern Portugal |publisher=Hawthorn Books |isbn= 0413267008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62WXswEACAAJ |page=68}}</ref>

Political scientist [[Seymour Martin Lipset]] has examined the class basis of right-wing extremist politics in the 1920–1960 era. He reports:
{{blockquote|Conservative or rightist extremist movements have arisen at different periods in modern history, ranging from the [[Miklós Horthy|Horthyites]] in Hungary, the [[Christian Social Party (Austria)|Christian Social Party]] of Dollfuss in Austria, ''[[Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten|Der Stahlhelm]]'' and other nationalists in pre-Hitler Germany, and [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar]] in Portugal, to the pre-1966 [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] movements and the monarchists in contemporary France and Italy. The right extremists are conservative, not revolutionary. They seek to change political institutions in order to preserve or restore cultural and economic ones, while [[Extremism of the centre|extremists of the centre]] [fascists/Nazis] and left [communists/anarchists] seek to use political means for cultural and social revolution. The ideal of the right extremist is not a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] ruler, but a monarch, or a traditionalist who acts like one. Many such movements in Spain, Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Italy have been explicitly monarchist […] The supporters of these movements differ from those of the centrists, tending to be wealthier, and more religious, which is more important in terms of a potential for mass support.<ref>Seymour M. Lipset, "Social Stratification and 'Right-Wing Extremism{{' "}} ''British Journal of Sociology'' 10#4 (1959), pp. 346–382 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/587800 on-line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422185441/https://www.jstor.org/stable/587800 |date=April 22, 2022 }}</ref>}}

[[Edmund Fawcett]] states that fascism is totalitarian, populist, and anti-[[Pluralism (political theory)|pluralist]], whereas authoritarian conservatism is somewhat pluralist but most of all elitist and anti-populist. He concludes: "The fascist is a nonconservative who takes [[anti-liberalism]] to extremes. The right-wing authoritarian is a conservative who takes fear of democracy to extremes."{{sfn|Fawcett|2020|p=263}}

During the [[Cold War]], right-wing military dictatorships were prominent in Latin America, with most nations being under military rule by the middle of the 1970s.{{sfn|Remmer|1989|p=10}} One example of this was General [[Augusto Pinochet]], who ruled over Chile from 1973 to 1990.{{sfn|Remmer|1989|pp=5–6}} According to [[Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn]], military dictatorships arise in democratic systems in order to stop leftist parties from becoming totalitarian.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=von Kuehnelt-Leddihn |first=Erik |date=April 1, 1968 |title=Latin America In Perspective |url=https://fee.org/articles/latin-america-in-perspective/ |website=Foundation for Economic Education}}</ref> The most recent instance occurred in Bolivia in 2024, when General [[Juan José Zúñiga]] staged a coup in order to overthrow the far-left president [[Luis Arce]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vock |first=Ido |title=Bolivia: Soldiers storm presidential palace in apparent coup attempt |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288eewr1wko  |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=BBC |date=June 27, 2024 |archive-date=June 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627000701/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288eewr1wko  |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 21st century, the authoritarian style of government experienced a worldwide renaissance with conservative statesmen such as President [[Vladimir Putin]] in Russia, President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] in Turkey, Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] in Hungary, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in India, and President [[Donald Trump]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rachman |first1=Gideon |title=The Age of The Strongman |date=2022 |publisher=Vintage |isbn=9781847926418}}</ref>