Editing Controlled Substances Act (section)

===Schedule I===
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{{Main|List of Schedule I drugs (US)}}

Schedule I substances are described as those that have all of the following findings:
{{blockquote|1=
{{ordered list|type=A
 |The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
 |The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
 |There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.<ref name="cornell1">{{USC|21|812}} – Schedules of controlled substances</ref>
}}}}

No prescriptions may be written for Schedule I substances, and such substances are subject to [[production quota]]s which the DEA imposes.

Under the DEA's interpretation of the CSA, a drug does not necessarily have to have the same "high potential for abuse" as heroin, for example, to merit placement in Schedule I:

{{blockquote|[W]hen it comes to a drug that is currently listed in schedule I, if it is undisputed that such drug has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and it is further undisputed that the drug has ''at least some potential for abuse sufficient to warrant control under the CSA'', the drug must remain in schedule I. In such circumstances, placement of the drug in schedules II through V would conflict with the CSA since such drug would not meet the criterion of "a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States." 21 USC 812(b). (emphasis added)<ref name=donnie>{{cite journal|last=Marshall|first=Donnie|title=Notice of denial of petition to reschedule marijuana|journal=Federal Register|date=20 March 2001|volume=66|issue=75|pages=20038–20076|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2001/04/18/01-9306/notice-of-denial-of-petition|access-date=13 June 2013|publisher=[[Drug Enforcement Administration]]}}</ref>|[[Drug Enforcement Administration]]|Notice of denial of petition to reschedule marijuana (2001)}}

'''Drugs listed in this control schedule include:'''
* [[alpha-Methyltryptamine|αMT]] (alpha-methyltryptamine), a [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]], [[stimulant]], and [[entactogen]] [[drug]] of the [[tryptamine]] class that was originally developed as an antidepressant by workers at [[Upjohn]] in the 1960s.
* [[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]] (benzylpiperazine), a synthetic stimulant once sold as a [[designer drug]]. It has been shown to be associated with an increase in seizures if taken alone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gee |first1=Paul |first2=Mark |last2=Gilbert |first3=Sandra |last3=Richardson |first4=Grant |last4=Moore |first5=Sharon |last5=Paterson |first6=Patrick |last6=Graham |title=Toxicity from the Recreational Use of 1-benzylpiperazine |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=46 |issue=9 |year=2008 |pages=802–07 |doi=10.1080/15563650802307602 |pmid=18821145|s2cid=12227038 }}</ref> Although the effects of BZP are not as potent as MDMA, it can produce neuroadaptations that can cause an increase in the potential for abuse of this drug.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brennan |first1=K. |first2=A. |last2=Johnstone |first3=P. |last3=Fitzmaurice |first4=R. |last4=Lea |first5=S. |last5=Schenk |title=Chronic Benzylpiperazine (BZP) Exposure Produces Behavioral Sensitization and Cross-sensitization to Methamphetamine (MA) |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=88 |issue=2–3 |year=2007 |pages=204–13 |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.016 |pmid=17125936}}</ref>
* [[Cathinone]], an amphetamine-like stimulant found in the shrub ''[[Catha edulis]]'' ([[khat]]).
* [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] (dimethyltryptamine), a naturally occurring [[psychedelic drug]] that is widespread throughout the plant kingdom and endogenous to the human body. DMT is the main psychoactive constituent in the [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] South American brew, [[ayahuasca]], for which the [[União do Vegetal|UDV]] are granted exemption from DMT's schedule I status on the grounds of religious freedom.
* [[Etorphine]], a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 1,000–3,000 times that of morphine.
* [[Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]] (gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid), a general anesthetic and treatment for [[narcolepsy]]-cataplexy and alcohol withdrawal with a limited safe dosage range and poor ability to control pain when used as an anesthetic (severely limiting its usefulness).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tunnicliff | first1 = G. | year = 1997 | title = Sites of action of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB)—A neuroactive drug with abuse potential | journal = Clinical Toxicology | volume = 35 | issue = 6| pages = 581–590 | doi = 10.3109/15563659709001236 | pmid = 9365423 }}</ref> It was placed in Schedule I in March 2000 after widespread recreational use led to increased [[emergency room]] visits, hospitalizations, and deaths.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Okun |first1=M. S. |last2=Boothy |first2=L. A. |last3=Bartfield |first3=R. B. |last4=Doering |first4=P. L. |year=2001 |title=GHB: An important pharmacologic and clinical update |journal= Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=4| issue = 2 |pages=167–175|pmid=11466174 }}</ref> A specific formulation of this drug is also listed in Schedule III for limited uses, under the trademark [[Xyrem]].
* [[Heroin]] is the brand name for ''diacetylmorphine'' or ''morphine diacetate'', which is an inactive [[prodrug]] that exerts its effects after being converted into the major active metabolite morphine, and the minor metabolite 6-MAM - which itself is also rapidly converted to morphine. Some European countries still use it as a potent pain reliever in terminal cancer patients, and as second option, after [[morphine|morphine sulfate]]; it is about twice as potent, by weight, as morphine and, indeed, becomes morphine upon injection into the bloodstream. The two acetyl groups attached to the morphine make a prodrug which delivers morphine to the opioid receptors twice as fast as morphine can.
* [[Ibogaine]], a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae. Some countries in North America use ibogaine as an alternative medicine treatment for opioid drug addiction. Ibogaine is also used for medicinal and ritual purposes within [[Africa]]n spiritual traditions of the [[Bwiti]].
* [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] (lysergic acid diethylamide), a [[semi-synthetic]] [[psychedelic drug]] famous for its involvement in the [[counterculture of the 1960s]].
* [[Cannabis (drug)|Marijuana]] and its [[cannabinoid]]s. Pure (–)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol is also listed in Schedule III for limited uses, under the trademark [[Marinol]]. As a result of ballot initiatives, [[Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction|many states]] have made recreational and medical use of marijuana legal, while other states have decriminalized possession of small amounts. Such measures operate only on state laws, and have no effect on federal law.<ref name=donnie /><ref name=Angelos>See ''United States v. Angelos'', 433 F.3d 738 ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit|10th Cir.]] 2006) (55 years for three sales of marijuana).</ref> Whether such users would actually be prosecuted under federal law is a separate question with no definitive answer. Given the widespread medicinal use of cannabis, the maintenance of its Schedule I classification has been controversial, with many calling for a reclassification or holistic federal decriminalization. As of April 30, 2024, cannabis was set to be reclassified by the [[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]] as a Schedule III controlled substance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biden administration plans to drastically change federal rules on marijuana |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/04/30/dea-reclassifies-marijuana-reports/72865632007/ |access-date=April 30, 2024 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2024 |title=US drug control agency will move to reclassify marijuana in a historic shift, AP sources say |url=https://apnews.com/article/marijuana-biden-dea-criminal-justice-pot-f833a8dae6ceb31a8658a5d65832a3b8 |access-date=April 30, 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
* [[MDMA]] ("ecstasy" or "molly"), a [[stimulant]], [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]], and [[Empathogen-entactogen|entactogenic]] drug which initially garnered attention in [[psychedelic therapy]] as a treatment for [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD). The medical community originally agreed upon placing it as a Schedule III substance, but the government denied this suggestion, despite two court rulings by the DEA's administrative law judge that placing MDMA in Schedule I was illegal. It was temporarily unscheduled after the first administrative hearing from December 22, 1987 – July 1, 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maps.org/dea-mdma/|title=MAPS Legal History of MDMA|access-date=October 30, 2014|archive-date=August 5, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805015508/http://maps.org/dea-mdma/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Mescaline]], a naturally occurring [[psychedelic drug]] and the main psychoactive constituent of [[peyote]] (''Lophophora williamsii''), [[Echinopsis pachanoi|San Pedro cactus]] (''Echinopsis pachanoi''), and [[Echinopsis peruviana|Peruvian torch cactus]] (''Echinopsis peruviana'').
* [[Methaqualone]] (Quaalude, Sopor, Mandrax), a sedative that was previously used for similar purposes as barbiturates, until it was rescheduled.
* [[Peyote]] (''Lophophora williamsii''), a cactus growing in nature primarily in northeastern Mexico; one of the few plants specifically scheduled, with a narrow exception to its legal status for religious use in Native American churches.
* [[Psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]], naturally occurring [[psychedelic drug]]s and the main psychoactive constituents of [[psilocybin mushroom]]s.
* Controlled substance analogues intended for human consumption, as defined by the [[Federal Analogue Act]].
In addition to the named substance, usually all possible ethers, esters, salts and stereoisomers of these substances are also controlled and also 'analogues', which are chemically similar chemicals.

{{anchor|Schedule II drugs}}