Editing Crescent (section)

===Early modern and modern===
[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mayotte.svg|thumb|Coat of Arms of [[Mayotte]]]]
[[File:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_the_Regency_of_Algiers.svg|thumb|Coat of Arms of the [[Regency of Algiers]] (1630–1830)]]

The goddess [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] was associated with the Moon in classical mythology. In reference to this, feminine jewelry representing crescents, especially [[diadem]]s, became popular in the early modern period. The [[tarot]] card of the "[[The High Priestess|Popess]]" also wears a crescent on her head.

[[Conrad Grünenberg]] in his ''Pilgrimage to the [[Holy Land]]'' (1486) consistently depicts cities in the Holy Land with crescent finials.<ref>so for Jaffa ([[:File:Konrad von Grünenberg - Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem - Blatt 29r - 063.jpg|29r]]), Raman ([[:File:Konrad von Grünenberg - Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem - Blatt 31v-32r.jpg|31v-32r]]), Jerusalem ([[:File:Konrad von Grünenberg - Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem - Blatt 35v-36r.jpg|35v-36r]]). Grünenberg's pilgrimage took place still during the late [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] era ([[Burji dynasty]]) of control over the Holy Land.</ref> Flags with crescents appear to have been used on Ottoman vessels since at least the 16th century.

Prints depicting the [[Battle of Lepanto]] (1571), including the print by [[Agostino Barberigo]] of Rome made just a few weeks after the battle,<ref>Agostino Barberigo, ''L' ultimo Et vero Ritrato Di la vitoria de L'armata Cristiana de la santissima liga Contre a L'armata Turcheschà [...], 1571. Antonio Lafreri , L’ordine tenuto dall’armata della santa Lega Christiana contro il Turcho [...], n'e seguita la felicissima Vittoria li sette d'Ottobre MDLXXI [...]'', Rome, 1571</ref> and the Martino Rota of Venice in the following year, show the Ottoman vessels displaying flags with one or several crescents in various orientations (as do the monumental paintings commissioned later based on these prints). Rota also shows numerous crescent finials, both on ships and on fortresses depicted in the background, as well as some finials with stars or suns radiant, and in some cases a sun radiant combined with a crescent in the star-and-crescent configuration.

The official adoption of [[star and crescent]] as the [[Ottoman state]] symbol started during the reign of Sultan [[Mustafa III]] (1757–1774) and its use became well-established during Sultan [[Abdul Hamid I]] (1774–1789) and Sultan [[Selim III]] (1789–1807) periods. A ''{{lang|tr|[[buyruldu]]}}'' (decree) from 1793 states that the ships in the [[Ottoman navy]] have that flag.<ref name="islamencyclopedia">{{cite book |title=İslâm Ansiklopedisi |url=http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/ayrmetin.php?idno=040298 |location=Istanbul |publisher=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı |page=298 |volume=4 |date=1991 |language=tr}}</ref>

[[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], who became Pasha of [[Egypt]] in 1805, introduced the first [[national flag]] of Egypt, red with three white crescents, each accompanied by a white star.

The association of the crescent with [[flags of the Ottoman Empire|the Ottoman Empire]] appears to have resulted in a gradual association of the crescent shape with [[Islam]] in the 20th century.{{explain|date=June 2022}} A [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement#Red Crescent|Red Crescent]] appears to have been used as a replacement of the [[Red Cross]] as early as in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)|Russo-Turkish War]] of 1877/8, and it was officially adopted in 1929.

While some Islamic organisations since the 1970s have embraced the crescent as their logo or emblem (e.g. ''[[Crescent International]]'' magazine, established 1980), some Muslim publications tend to emphasize that the interpretation of the crescent, historically used on the banners of Muslim armies, as a "religious symbol" of Islam was an error made by the "Christians of Europe".<ref>"Like the Crusaders, the Christians of Europe were misled into a belief that the crescent was the religious symbol of Islam" ''Islamic Review'' 30 (1942), p. 70., "many Muslim scholars reject using the crescent moon as a symbol of Islam. The faith of Islam historically had no symbol, and many refuse to accept it.", Fiaz Fazli, ''Crescent'' magazine, [[Srinagar]], September 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8oBW-sQ_dpIC&pg=PA42 p. 42].</ref> The identification of the crescent as an "Islamic symbol" is mentioned by [[James Hastings]] as a "common error" to which "even approved writers on Oriental subjects" are prone as early as 1928.<ref>"There is no more common error than the supposition that the crescent (or rather crescent and star) is an Islamic symbol, and even approved writers on Oriental subjects are apt to fall into it." 
James Hastings, ''[[Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics]]'', Volumes 11-12 (1928),  p. 145.</ref>

The crescent was used on a flag of the [[American Revolutionary War]] and was called the [[Moultrie Flag|Liberty (or Moultrie) Flag]].

The symbol of the [[Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)|Triple Goddess]] is a circle flanked by a left facing and right facing crescent, which represents a [[virginity|maiden]], [[mother goddess|mother]] and [[crone]] archetype.<ref>Gilligan, Stephen G., and Simon, Dvorah (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=CkLBOvt10jwC&dq=%22triple+goddess%22+crescent+moon+symbol&pg=PA148 ''Walking in Two Worlds: The Relational Self in Theory, Practice, and Community'']. Zeig Tucker & Theisen Publishers. p. 148. {{ISBN|1-932462-11-2}}, {{ISBN|978-1-932462-11-1}}. Retrieved 03 January 2022.</ref> The [[biohazard symbol]] bears peculiar resemblance to it.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Crescents badge of the king Henry II of France.png|Triple crescent badge of [[Henry II of France]] ([[Château d'Écouen]])
File:Three_Mamelukes_with_lances_on_horseback.jpg|[[Mamluk]] lancers, early 16th century (etching by [[Daniel Hopfer]])
File:Battle_of_Mohi_1241.PNG|A depiction of the [[Battle of Mohi]] (1241) between [[Mongols]] on the left and [[Magyars]] on the right
File:Lepanto f1.jpg|The painting of the 1571 [[Battle of Lepanto]] by [[Tommaso Dolabella]] ({{Circa|1632}}) shows a variety of naval flags with crescents attributed to the [[Ottoman flags|Ottoman Empire]]
File:Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg|A naval battle painting of the [[Barbary state]] of [[Ottoman Algiers]] titled ''A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsairs'' by [[Laureys a Castro]], {{Circa|1681}}
File:Varna_1444_Polski_Kronika_from_1564.jpg|A scene from the [[Battle of Varna]] (1444) on the ''Kronika wszystkiego świata'' of [[Marcin Bielski]] (1564)
File:BadWaldsee Frauenbergkirche Gemälde Madonna.jpg|Madonna on the crescent, [[Bad Waldsee]] church (17th century)
File:Pompeo Batoni - Retrato de Dama como Diana Caçadora.jpg|''Portrait of a Lady as Diana'' by [[Pompeo Batoni]] (1760s)
File:Triple Goddess Symbol.svg|Symbol of the Triple Goddess
File:Horned-God-Symbol.svg|A circle with an upward facing crescent representing the [[Wiccan]] [[Horned God]]
</gallery>