Editing Crinoline (section)

====Hazards====
[[File:Women wearing crinolines set on fire, ca. 1860, lithograph Wellcome V0048935.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A crinoline fire, {{c.|1860}}]]
The flammability of the crinoline was widely reported. Although trustworthy statistics on crinoline-related fatalities are rare, [[Florence Nightingale]] estimated that at least 630 women died from their clothes catching fire in 1863–1864.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitchell |first1=Rebecca N. |title=15 August 1862: The Rise and Fall of the Cage Crinoline |url=http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=rebecca-n-mitchell-15-august-1862-the-rise-and-fall-of-the-cage-crinoline |website=BRANCH: Britain, Representation, and Nineteenth-Century History |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nightingale |first1=Florence |title=Notes on Nursing for the Labouring Classes |date=1876 |publisher=Harrison |location=London |page=42 |edition=New |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDLvARQRq0YC&q=nightingale+%22notes+on+nursing%22+with+a+chapter+children}}</ref> One such incident, the death of a 14-year-old kitchenmaid called Margaret Davey was reported in ''[[The Times]]'' on 13 February 1863. Her dress, "distended by a crinoline," ignited as she stood on the fender of the [[fireplace]] to reach some spoons on the mantelpiece, and she died as a result of extensive burns. The Deputy-Coroner, commenting that he was "astonished to think that the mortality from such a fashion was not brought more conspicuously under the notice of the Registrar-General," passed a verdict of "Accidental death by fire, caused through crinoline."<ref>{{cite news|title=DEATH BY FIRE |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2561578/the_times/ |access-date=6 June 2015 |work=The Times |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |page=5 |issue=24481, column F |date=13 February 1863}}.</ref> A similar case was reported later that year, when 16-year-old Emma Musson died after a piece of burning [[coke (fuel)|coke]] rolled from the kitchen fire to ignite her crinoline.<ref>{{cite news|title=BURNT TO DEATH|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2561633/the_times/ |access-date=6 June 2015 |work=The Times |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |page=5 |issue=24716, column D |date=14 November 1863}}.</ref> A month later, on 8 December 1863, a [[Church of the Company Fire|serious fire]] at the Church of the Company of Jesus in [[Santiago]], Chile, killed between two and three thousand people. The severity of the death toll is credited in part to the large amounts of flammable fabric that made up the women's crinoline dresses.<ref name=alison47/> Two notable victims of crinoline fires were [[William Wilde]]'s illegitimate daughters, Emily and Mary, who died in November 1871 of burns sustained after their gowns caught fire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pearce |first1=Joseph |title=The unmasking of Oscar Wilde |date=2001 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |isbn=978-0002740517|page=43}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Terence de Vere|title=The Parents of Oscar Wilde: Sir William and Lady Wilde|url=https://archive.org/details/parentsofoscarwi0000whit|url-access=registration|date=1967|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|page=[https://archive.org/details/parentsofoscarwi0000whit/page/216 216]}}</ref> Although flame-retardant fabrics were available, these were thought unattractive and were unpopular.<ref name=kingston>{{Cite journal|author=Anne Kingston|title=Deadly Victorian fashions| journal=Maclean's|date=9 June 2014|url=http://www.macleans.ca/culture/arts/deadly-victorian-fashions/}}</ref>

Other risks associated with the crinoline were that it could get caught in other people's feet, carriage wheels or furniture, or be caught by sudden gusts of wind, blowing the wearer off her feet.<ref name=alison47/> In 1859, while participating in a [[Paper Chase (game)|paper chase]], [[Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|Louisa, Duchess of Manchester]], caught her hoop while climbing over a [[stile]], and was left with the entirety of her crinoline and skirts thrown over her head, revealing her scarlet [[bloomers (clothing)|drawers]] to the assembled company.<ref name=alison47/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vane |first1=Henry |title=Affair of state: a biography of the 8th Duke and Duchess of Devonshire |date=2004 |publisher=Peter Owen |location=London |isbn=9780720612332 |page=[https://archive.org/details/affairofstatebio0000vane/page/25 25] |url=https://archive.org/details/affairofstatebio0000vane/page/25 }}</ref>

The crinoline was worn by some factory workers, leading to the textiles firm [[Courtaulds]] instructing female employees in 1860 to leave their hoops and crinolines at home.<ref name=vam>[http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets-and-crinolines-in-victorian-fashion/ ''Corsets and Crinoline'']</ref> [[Cecil Willett Cunnington]] described seeing a photograph of female employees in the [[Bryant and May]] match factories wearing crinolines while at work.<ref name=cun207>Cunnington, p. 207</ref> A report in ''[[The Cork Examiner]]'' of 2 June 1864 recorded the death of Ann Rollinson from injuries sustained after her crinoline was caught by a revolving machinery shaft in a [[mangle (machine)|mangling room]] at Firwood bleach works.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Staff writer|title=Machinery Accident through Crinoline|url=http://www.irelandoldnews.com/Cork/1864/JUN.html|access-date=7 June 2015|work=The Cork Examiner|date=2 June 1864}}</ref>