Editing Crust punk (section)

=== 1980s ===
[[File:Antisect Finland 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Antisect]]'s 1985 EP ''Out from the Void'' was one of the earliest crust punk releases]]
Crust punk was established by the bands [[Amebix]] and [[Antisect]], who both growing out of the anarcho-punk scene and made use of dark, morbid and post-apocalyptic imagery. Amebix had begun their career playing a style more indebted to [[Killing Joke]], while Antisect began playing simply anarcho-hardcore punk. Amebix first embraced metal influences on their 1983 album ''[[No Sanctuary (album)|No Sanctuary]]'', while Antisect did so on their 1985 EP ''Out from the Void''. These releases were the earliest crust punk releases, with Amebix's subsequent album ''[[Arise! (Amebix album)|Arise]]'' (1985) codifying the sound of the genre.<ref name="Rise of Crust"/> However, Amebix also brought a wider scope of influences than most other bands in the genre, particularly [[post-punk]] bands including [[Public Image Ltd.]], [[Bauhaus (band)|Bauhaus]], [[Joy Division]] and especially [[Killing Joke]].<ref name=day>Glasper 2006. "Amebix." p. 198-201.</ref> Soon, the first wave of crust punk bands was solidified with the formations of [[Hellbastard]], [[Deviated Instinct]] and [[Concrete Sox]].<ref name="Rise of Crust"/> This early wave of the genre was closely related to the nascent [[extreme metal]] scene, with the members of Amebix and Hellhammer even being in the same [[tape trading]] circles, influencing one another.<ref name="Hobson, 2022" />

In the following years, the genre spread to other countries. The largest of these was the Swedish crust punk and [[d-beat]] scene which early on produced [[Anti Cimex]] and Agnoni, who both quickly toured the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ekeroth |first1=Daniel |title=Swedish Death Metal |date=29 July 2008 |publisher=BAZILLION POINTS |page=24 |quote=Digby Pearson of Earache Records recalls the wave of transformation: "Like most guys from the old days, I started out as a massive fan of UK crust punk and American hardcore. Sweden was famous for their many crust bands early on, and I got every tape with every band from Fredda Holmgren at CBR. When I started to promote gigs, it was natural for me to bring over a couple Swedish bands. So I did a UK tour with Anti Cimex and the somewhat thrashier Agoni.}}</ref> From this scene soon originated the [[Swedish death metal]] scene, which would be brought to prominence by [[Entombed (band)|Entombed]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Neill |first1=Andrew |title=A History of Heavy Metal |date=13 July 2017 |publisher=Headline |quote=Extreme metal in Sweden started with Bathory, but extreme music in Sweden started with crust punk. The d-beat sound of Discharge found a massive fanbase in Sweden and d-beat as a genre is pretty much propped up entirely by the relatively small population of that country. But the d-beat scene is nothing compared to the insane bands-per-capita output of Swedish death metal, much of which grew out of that fertile punk scene. They found their stars in Entombed}}</ref>

American crust punk began in New York City, in the mid-1980s, with the work of [[Nausea (band)|Nausea]]. The group emerged from the [[Lower East Side]] [[squatting|squat]] scene and [[New York hardcore]],<ref>Init 5, 25 September 2007. [http://dailynoise.blogspot.com/2007/09/nausea-wow.html] Access date: 18 June 2008.</ref> living with [[Roger Miret]] of [[Agnostic Front]].<ref>John John Jesse interview, ''Hoard Magazine'', June 2005. {{cite web |url=http://www.hoardmag.com/jj/1.htm |title=John John Jesse interview - HOARD MAGAZINE |access-date=12 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921205657/http://www.hoardmag.com/jj/1.htm |archive-date=21 September 2008 }} Access date: 18 June 2008</ref> The early work of [[Neurosis (band)|Neurosis]], from San Francisco, also borrowed from Amebix, and inaugurated crust punk on the West Coast.<ref>Adam Louie, Mastodon, Neurosis show review, ''Prefix'' magazine, 29 January 2008 [http://www.prefixmag.com/features/mastodon-neurosis/brooklyn-masonic-temple/16952/] Access date: 18 June 2008</ref><ref>Anthony Bartkewicz, ''Decibel Magazine'' No. 31, May 2007. [http://www.decibelmagazine.com/features/may2007/neurosis.aspx] Access date: 18 June 2008</ref> [[Disrupt (band)|Disrupt]] (Boston),<ref>Nick Mangel, Disrupt LP review, ''Maximum Rock'n'Roll'' #301, June 2008, record reviews section.</ref> [[Antischism]] (South Carolina), Misery and [[Destroy (band)|Destroy]] (Minneapolis) were also significant U.S. crust groups.<ref name="Rise of Crust"/>

In the late 1980s, bands including [[Doom (UK band)|Doom]], Excrement of War, [[Electro Hippies]] and [[Extreme Noise Terror]] began to merge crust punk with the sound of UK hardcore punk, creating the crustcore subgenre. [[Havoc Records|Felix Havoc]] described [[Extreme Noise Terror]]'s segment of the "Earslaughter" split album with [[Chaos UK]] as the first album in the genre.<ref name="Rise of Crust"/>