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== Ethnicity east of the Curzon Line until 1939 == [[File:GUS languages1931 Poland.jpg|thumb|Mother tongue in Poland in 1931: red/green = Polish/other languages]] [[File:Polacy_na_Kresach_1931.PNG|thumb|Percent of Poles in Kresy due to 1931 census]] [[File:Poland1937linguistic.jpg|Polend 1937]] [[File:Kresy Pn.png|thumb|Linguistic (mother tongue) and religious structure of Northern Kresy (today parts of Belarus and Lithuania) according to the Polish census of 1931]] The ethnic composition of these areas proved difficult to measure, both during the interwar period and after World War II. A 1944 article in ''[[The Times]]'' estimated that in 1931 between 2.2 and 2.5 million Poles lived east of the Curzon Line.<ref>''[[The Times]]'' of 12 January 1944; cited according to Alexandre Abramson (Alius): ''Die Curzon-Line'', Europa Verlag, Zürich 1945, p. 45.</ref> According to historian Yohanan Cohen's estimate, in 1939 the population in the territories of interwar Poland east of the Curzon Line gained via the Treaty of Riga totalled 12 million, consisting of over 5 million Ukrainians, between 3.5 and 4 million Poles, 1.5 million Belarusians, and 1.3 million Jews.<ref>{{cite book|author=Yohanan Cohen|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1989|title=Small Nations in Times of Crisis and Confrontation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aN96TB0RUB8C&q=curzon+line+12+million&pg=PA63|page=63|isbn=978-0-7914-0018-0}}</ref> During World War II, politicians gave varying estimates of the Polish population east of the Curzon Line that would be affected by [[World War II population transfers|population transfers]]. Winston Churchill mentioned "3 to 4 million Poles east of the Curzon Line".<ref name="Churchill1986">{{cite book|author=Winston Churchill|title=Triumph and Tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_6cljKX0uUC&pg=PA568|access-date=25 January 2011|date=11 April 1986|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-395-41060-8|pages=568}}</ref> [[Stanisław Mikołajczyk]], then Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile, counted this population as 5 million.<ref name="Erickson1999">{{cite book|author=John Erickson|title=The road to Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UaU6ZLqK4UC&pg=PA407|access-date=25 January 2011|date=10 June 1999|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-07813-8|pages=407}}</ref> Ukrainians and Belarusians if counted together composed the majority of the population of interwar Eastern Poland.<ref name="Cienciala"/> The area also had a significant number of Jewish inhabitants. Poles constituted majorities in the main cities (followed by Jews) and in some rural areas, such as Vilnius region or Wilno Voivodeship.<ref name="Cienciala">Anna M. Cienciala. "The foreign policy of Józef Piłsudski and Józef Beck 1926-1939: Misconceptions and interpretations". ''The Polish Review''. Vol. LVI, Nos 1-2. 2011. p. 112.</ref><ref name="Wnuk">Rafal Wnuk. "The Polish underground under Soviet occupation, 1939-1941". ''Stalin and Europe: Imitation and Domination, 1928-1953''. [[Oxford University Press]]. 2014. p. 95.</ref><ref>Piotr Eberhardt, Jan Owsinski (2003). ''Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe: History, Data and Analysis''. Routledge. p. 29.</ref> After the Soviet deportation of Poles and Jews in 1939–1941 (see [[Polish minority in Soviet Union]]), [[The Holocaust]] and the [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia|ethnic cleansing of the Polish population]] of Volhynia and East Galicia by Ukrainian Nationalists, the Polish population in the territories had decreased considerably. The cities of Wilno, Lwów, Grodno and some smaller towns still had significant Polish populations. After 1945, the Polish population of the area east of the new Soviet-Polish border was in general confronted with the alternative either to accept a different citizenship or to emigrate. According to more recent research, about 3 million Roman Catholic Poles lived east of the Curzon Line within interwar Poland's borders, of whom about 2.1 million<ref>{{cite book |first=Jörg-Detlef |last=Kühne |title=Die Veränderungsmöglichkeiten der Oder-Neiße-Linie nach 1945 |edition=2nd |publisher=Nomos |location=Baden-Baden |year=2007 |at=see footnote no. 2 |isbn=978-3-8329-3124-7 |language=de}}</ref> to 2.2 million<ref>{{cite book |first=Manfred |last=Alexander |title=Kleine Geschichte Polens |edition=2nd enlarged |publisher=Reclam |location=Stuttgart |year=2008 |page=321 |isbn=978-3-15-017060-1 |language=de}}</ref> died, fled, emigrated or were expelled to the newly annexed German territories.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626151411/http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-06-26|title=Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948|last=Eberhardt|first=Piotr|publisher=Didactica|year=2006|isbn=9781536110357|location=Warsaw}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=http://rcin.org.pl/Content/15652/WA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf|title=Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939-1950)|last=Eberhardt|first=Piotr|publisher=Polish Academy of Sciences|year=2011|isbn=978-83-61590-46-0|location=Warsaw}}</ref> There still exists a big [[Poles in Lithuania|Polish minority in Lithuania]] and a big [[Poles in Belarus|Polish minority in Belarus]] today. The cities of Vilnius, Grodno and some smaller towns still have significant Polish populations. [[Vilnius District Municipality]] and [[Sapotskin]] region have a Polish majority. Ukrainian nationalists continued their partisan war and were imprisoned by the Soviets and sent to the [[Gulag]]. There they revolted, actively participating in several uprisings ([[Kengir uprising]], [[Norilsk uprising]], [[Vorkuta uprising]]). Polish population east of the Curzon Line before World War II can be estimated by adding together figures for Former Eastern Poland and for pre-1939 Soviet Union: {| class="wikitable" |+ !1. Interwar Poland !Polish mother tongue (of whom Roman Catholics) !Source (census) !Today part of: |- |South-Eastern Poland |2,243,011 (1,765,765)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://konsnard.wordpress.com/2011/06/16/liczba-i-rozmieszczenie-ludnosci-polskiej-na-czesci-kresow-obecnie-w-granicach-ukrainy/|title=Liczba i rozmieszczenie ludności polskiej na części Kresów obecnie w granicach Ukrainy|date=2011|website=Konsnard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Eberhardt |first=Piotr |title=Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, and Analysis |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2003 |isbn=9780765606655 |pages=241, Table 4.45 |language=English}}</ref> |1931 Polish census<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polish_census_of_1931|title=Polish census of 1931}}</ref> |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |North-Eastern Poland |1,663,888 (1,358,029)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://konsnard.wordpress.com/2011/06/13/liczebnosc-polakow-na-kresach-w-obecnej-bialorusi/|title=Liczebność Polaków na Kresach w obecnej Białorusi|date=2011|website=Konsnard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://konsnard.wordpress.com/2011/06/15/liczba-i-rozmieszczenie-ludnosci-polskiej-na-obszarach-obecnej-litwy/|title=Liczba i rozmieszczenie ludności polskiej na obszarach obecnej Litwy|date=2011|website=Konsnard}}</ref> |1931 Polish census |{{Flagicon|Belarus}} and {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} |- !2. Interwar USSR !Ethnic Poles according to official census !Source (census) !Today part of: |- |Soviet Ukraine |476,435 |[[First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union#Population of the USSR sorted by most common nationalities in 1926|1926 Soviet census]] |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |Soviet Belarus |97,498 |1926 Soviet census |{{Flag|Belarus}} |- |Soviet Russia |197,827 |1926 Soviet census |{{Flag|Russia}} |- |rest of the USSR |10,574 |1926 Soviet census | |- !3. Interwar Baltic states !Ethnic Poles according to official census !Source (census) !Today part of: |- |Lithuania |65,599 {{refn|Polish sources estimated, based on the percentage of votes for Polish parties in the 1923 Lithuanian parliamentary election, that the real number of ethnic Poles in [[interwar Lithuania]] in 1923 was 202,026.|group=Note}} |[[Lithuanian census of 1923|1923 Lithuanian census]] |{{Flag|Lithuania}} |- |Latvia |59,374 |1930 Latvian census<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/census/search-in-theme/185-third-population-and-housing-census-latvia-1930|title=Third Population and Housing Census in Latvia in 1930 (in Latvian and in French)|website=State Statistical Office}}</ref> |{{Flag|Latvia}} |- |Estonia |1,608 |[[Demographics of Estonia#Ethnic groups|1934 Estonian census]] |{{Flag|Estonia}} |- !TOTAL (1., 2., 3.) !4 to 5 million ethnic Poles ! ! |} Two tables below show the linguistic ([[First language|mother tongue]]) and religious structure of interwar South-Eastern Poland (nowadays part of [[Western Ukraine]]) and interwar North-Eastern Poland (nowadays part of [[Western Belorussia|Western Belarus]] and southern Lithuania) by county, according to the 1931 census. South-East Poland: {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Linguistic and religious structure of South-East Poland in 1931<ref>{{Cite web |date=1938 |title=Plik:Woj.wołyńskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woj.wo%C5%82y%C5%84skie-Polska_spis_powszechny_1931.pdf |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1938 |title=Plik:Woj.tarnopolskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woj.tarnopolskie-Polska_spis_powszechny_1931.pdf |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1938 |title=Plik:Woj.stanisławowskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woj.stanis%C5%82awowskie-Polska_spis_powszechny_1931.pdf |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1938 |title=Plik:Woj.lwowskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woj.lwowskie-Polska_spis_powszechny_1931.pdf |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1937 |title=Plik:M.Lwów-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M.Lw%C3%B3w-Polska_spis_powszechny_1931.pdf |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=pl}}</ref> !County !Pop. !Polish !% !Yiddish & Hebrew !% !Ukrainian & Ruthenian !% !Other language {{refn|Includes German and Czech, etc.|group=Note}} !% !Roman Catholic !% !Jewish !% !Uniate & Orthodox !% !Other religion {{refn|Includes Protestants, Old Believers, etc.|group=Note}} !% |- |[[Dubno]] |226709 |33987 |15.0% |17430 |7.7% |158173 |69.8% |17119 |7.6% |27638 |12.2% |18227 |8.0% |173512 |76.5% |7332 |3.2% |- |[[Horokhiv]] |122045 |21100 |17.3% |9993 |8.2% |84224 |69.0% |6728 |5.5% |17675 |14.5% |10112 |8.3% |87333 |71.6% |6925 |5.7% |- |[[Kostopil]] |159602 |34951 |21.9% |10481 |6.6% |105346 |66.0% |8824 |5.5% |34450 |21.6% |10786 |6.8% |103912 |65.1% |10454 |6.6% |- |[[Kovel]] |255095 |36720 |14.4% |26476 |10.4% |185240 |72.6% |6659 |2.6% |35191 |13.8% |26719 |10.5% |187717 |73.6% |5468 |2.1% |- |[[Kremenets]] |243032 |25758 |10.6% |18679 |7.7% |196000 |80.6% |2595 |1.1% |25082 |10.3% |18751 |7.7% |195233 |80.3% |3966 |1.6% |- |[[Liuboml]] |85507 |12150 |14.2% |6818 |8.0% |65906 |77.1% |633 |0.7% |10998 |12.9% |6861 |8.0% |65685 |76.8% |1963 |2.3% |- |[[Lutsk]] |290805 |56446 |19.4% |34142 |11.7% |172038 |59.2% |28179 |9.7% |55802 |19.2% |34354 |11.8% |177377 |61.0% |23272 |8.0% |- |[[Rivne]] |252787 |36990 |14.6% |37484 |14.8% |160484 |63.5% |17829 |7.1% |36444 |14.4% |37713 |14.9% |166970 |66.1% |11660 |4.6% |- |[[Sarny]] |181284 |30426 |16.8% |16019 |8.8% |129637 |71.5% |5202 |2.9% |28192 |15.6% |16088 |8.9% |132691 |73.2% |4313 |2.4% |- |[[Volodymyr, Volyn Oblast|Volodymyr]] |150374 |40286 |26.8% |17236 |11.5% |88174 |58.6% |4678 |3.1% |38483 |25.6% |17331 |11.5% |89641 |59.6% |4919 |3.3% |- |[[Zdolbuniv]] |118334 |17826 |15.1% |10787 |9.1% |81650 |69.0% |8071 |6.8% |17901 |15.1% |10850 |9.2% |86948 |73.5% |2635 |2.2% |- |[[Borshchiv]] |103277 |46153 |44.7% |4302 |4.2% |52612 |50.9% |210 |0.2% |28432 |27.5% |9353 |9.1% |65344 |63.3% |148 |0.1% |- |[[Brody]] |91248 |32843 |36.0% |7640 |8.4% |50490 |55.3% |275 |0.3% |22521 |24.7% |10360 |11.4% |58009 |63.6% |358 |0.4% |- |[[Berezhany]] |103824 |48168 |46.4% |3716 |3.6% |51757 |49.9% |183 |0.2% |41962 |40.4% |7151 |6.9% |54611 |52.6% |100 |0.1% |- |[[Buchach]] |139062 |60523 |43.5% |8059 |5.8% |70336 |50.6% |144 |0.1% |51311 |36.9% |10568 |7.6% |77023 |55.4% |160 |0.1% |- |[[Chortkiv]] |84008 |36486 |43.4% |6474 |7.7% |40866 |48.6% |182 |0.2% |33080 |39.4% |7845 |9.3% |42828 |51.0% |255 |0.3% |- |[[Kamianka-Buzka]] |82111 |41693 |50.8% |4737 |5.8% |35178 |42.8% |503 |0.6% |29828 |36.3% |6700 |8.2% |45113 |54.9% |470 |0.6% |- |[[Kopychyntsi]] |88614 |38158 |43.1% |5164 |5.8% |45196 |51.0% |96 |0.1% |31202 |35.2% |7291 |8.2% |50007 |56.4% |114 |0.1% |- |[[Pidhaitsi]] |95663 |46710 |48.8% |3464 |3.6% |45031 |47.1% |458 |0.5% |38003 |39.7% |4786 |5.0% |52634 |55.0% |240 |0.3% |- |[[Peremyshliany]] |89908 |52269 |58.1% |4445 |4.9% |32777 |36.5% |417 |0.5% |38475 |42.8% |6860 |7.6% |44002 |48.9% |571 |0.6% |- |[[Radekhiv]] |69313 |25427 |36.7% |3277 |4.7% |39970 |57.7% |639 |0.9% |17945 |25.9% |6934 |10.0% |42928 |61.9% |1506 |2.2% |- |[[Skalat]] |89215 |60091 |67.4% |3654 |4.1% |25369 |28.4% |101 |0.1% |45631 |51.1% |8486 |9.5% |34798 |39.0% |300 |0.3% |- |[[Ternopil]] |142220 |93874 |66.0% |5836 |4.1% |42374 |29.8% |136 |0.1% |63286 |44.5% |17684 |12.4% |60979 |42.9% |271 |0.2% |- |[[Terebovlia]] |84321 |50178 |59.5% |3173 |3.8% |30868 |36.6% |102 |0.1% |38979 |46.2% |4845 |5.7% |40452 |48.0% |45 |0.1% |- |[[Zalishchyky]] |72021 |27549 |38.3% |3261 |4.5% |41147 |57.1% |64 |0.1% |17917 |24.9% |5965 |8.3% |48069 |66.7% |70 |0.1% |- |[[Zbarazh]] |65579 |32740 |49.9% |3142 |4.8% |29609 |45.2% |88 |0.1% |24855 |37.9% |3997 |6.1% |36468 |55.6% |259 |0.4% |- |[[Zboriv]] |81413 |39624 |48.7% |2522 |3.1% |39174 |48.1% |93 |0.1% |26239 |32.2% |5056 |6.2% |49925 |61.3% |193 |0.2% |- |[[Zolochiv, Lviv Oblast|Zolochiv]] |118609 |56628 |47.7% |6066 |5.1% |55381 |46.7% |534 |0.5% |36937 |31.1% |10236 |8.6% |70663 |59.6% |773 |0.7% |- |[[Dolyna]] |118373 |21158 |17.9% |9031 |7.6% |83880 |70.9% |4304 |3.6% |15630 |13.2% |10471 |8.8% |89811 |75.9% |2461 |2.1% |- |[[Horodenka]] |92894 |27751 |29.9% |5031 |5.4% |59957 |64.5% |155 |0.2% |15519 |16.7% |7480 |8.1% |69789 |75.1% |106 |0.1% |- |[[Kalush, Ukraine|Kalush]] |102252 |18637 |18.2% |5109 |5.0% |77506 |75.8% |1000 |1.0% |14418 |14.1% |6249 |6.1% |80750 |79.0% |835 |0.8% |- |[[Kolomyia]] |176000 |52006 |29.5% |11191 |6.4% |110533 |62.8% |2270 |1.3% |31925 |18.1% |20887 |11.9% |121376 |69.0% |1812 |1.0% |- |[[Kosiv]] |93952 |6718 |7.2% |6730 |7.2% |79838 |85.0% |666 |0.7% |4976 |5.3% |7826 |8.3% |80903 |86.1% |247 |0.3% |- |[[Nadvirna|Nadvírna]] |140702 |16907 |12.0% |11020 |7.8% |112128 |79.7% |647 |0.5% |15214 |10.8% |11663 |8.3% |113116 |80.4% |709 |0.5% |- |[[Rohatyn]] |127252 |36152 |28.4% |6111 |4.8% |84875 |66.7% |114 |0.1% |27108 |21.3% |9466 |7.4% |90456 |71.1% |222 |0.2% |- |[[Ivano-Frankivsk|Stanyslaviv]] |198359 |49032 |24.7% |26996 |13.6% |120214 |60.6% |2117 |1.1% |42519 |21.4% |29525 |14.9% |123959 |62.5% |2356 |1.2% |- |[[Stryi]] |152631 |25186 |16.5% |15413 |10.1% |106183 |69.6% |5849 |3.8% |23404 |15.3% |17115 |11.2% |108159 |70.9% |3953 |2.6% |- |[[Sniatyn]] |78025 |17206 |22.1% |4341 |5.6% |56007 |71.8% |471 |0.6% |8659 |11.1% |7073 |9.1% |61797 |79.2% |496 |0.6% |- |[[Tlumach]] |116028 |44958 |38.7% |3677 |3.2% |66659 |57.5% |734 |0.6% |31478 |27.1% |6702 |5.8% |76650 |66.1% |1198 |1.0% |- |[[Zhydachiv]] |83817 |16464 |19.6% |4728 |5.6% |61098 |72.9% |1527 |1.8% |15094 |18.0% |5289 |6.3% |63144 |75.3% |290 |0.3% |- |[[Bibrka]] |97124 |30762 |31.7% |5533 |5.7% |60444 |62.2% |385 |0.4% |22820 |23.5% |7972 |8.2% |66113 |68.1% |219 |0.2% |- |[[Dobromyl]] |93970 |35945 |38.3% |4997 |5.3% |52463 |55.8% |565 |0.6% |25941 |27.6% |7522 |8.0% |59664 |63.5% |843 |0.9% |- |[[Drohobych]] |194456 |91935 |47.3% |20484 |10.5% |79214 |40.7% |2823 |1.5% |52172 |26.8% |28888 |14.9% |110850 |57.0% |2546 |1.3% |- |[[Horodok, Lviv Oblast|Horodok]] |85007 |33228 |39.1% |2975 |3.5% |47812 |56.2% |992 |1.2% |22408 |26.4% |4982 |5.9% |56713 |66.7% |904 |1.1% |- |[[Yavoriv]] |86762 |26938 |31.0% |3044 |3.5% |55868 |64.4% |912 |1.1% |18394 |21.2% |5161 |5.9% |62828 |72.4% |379 |0.4% |- |[[Lviv|Lviv City]] |312231 |198212 |63.5% |75316 |24.1% |35137 |11.3% |3566 |1.1% |157490 |50.4% |99595 |31.9% |50824 |16.3% |4322 |1.4% |- |[[Lviv Raion|Lviv County]] |142800 |80712 |56.5% |1569 |1.1% |58395 |40.9% |2124 |1.5% |67430 |47.2% |5087 |3.6% |67592 |47.3% |2691 |1.9% |- |[[Mostyska]] |89460 |49989 |55.9% |2164 |2.4% |37196 |41.6% |111 |0.1% |34619 |38.7% |5428 |6.1% |49230 |55.0% |183 |0.2% |- |[[Rava-Ruska]] |122072 |27376 |22.4% |10991 |9.0% |82133 |67.3% |1572 |1.3% |22489 |18.4% |13381 |11.0% |84808 |69.5% |1394 |1.1% |- |[[Rudky]] |79170 |38417 |48.5% |4247 |5.4% |36254 |45.8% |252 |0.3% |27674 |35.0% |5396 |6.8% |45756 |57.8% |344 |0.4% |- |[[Sambir]] |133814 |56818 |42.5% |7794 |5.8% |68222 |51.0% |980 |0.7% |43583 |32.6% |11258 |8.4% |78527 |58.7% |446 |0.3% |- |[[Sokal]] |109111 |42851 |39.3% |5917 |5.4% |59984 |55.0% |359 |0.3% |25425 |23.3% |13372 |12.3% |69963 |64.1% |351 |0.3% |- |[[Turka, Ukraine|Turka]] |114457 |26083 |22.8% |7552 |6.6% |80483 |70.3% |339 |0.3% |6301 |5.5% |10627 |9.3% |97339 |85.0% |190 |0.2% |- |[[Zhovkva]] |95507 |35816 |37.5% |3344 |3.5% |56060 |58.7% |287 |0.3% |20279 |21.2% |7848 |8.2% |66823 |70.0% |557 |0.6% |- !'''South-East Poland''' !6922206 !2243011 !32.4% !549782 !7.9% !3983550 !57.6% !145863 !2.1% !1707428 !24.7% !708172 !10.2% !4387812 !63.4% !118794 !1.7% |} North-East Poland: {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Linguistic and religious structure of North-East Poland in 1931<ref>{{Cite web |date=1938 |title=Plik:Woj.nowogrodzkie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woj.nowogrodzkie-Polska_spis_powszechny_1931.pdf |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1936 |title=Plik:Woj.wileńskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woj.wile%C5%84skie-Polska_spis_powszechny_1931.pdf |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Statystyczny |first=Główny Urząd |title=English: Dane spisu powszechnego 1931 - Miasto Wilno |date=1937 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M.Wilno-Polska_spis_powszechny_1931.pdf |access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1938 |title=Plik:Woj.poleskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woj.poleskie-Polska_spis_powszechny_1931.pdf |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1938 |title=Plik:Woj.białostockie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woj.bia%C5%82ostockie-Polska_spis_powszechny_1931.pdf |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=commons.wikimedia.org |language=pl}}</ref> !County !Pop. !Polish !% !Yiddish & Hebrew !% !Belarusian, Poleshuk & Russian !% !Other language {{refn|Includes Lithuanian and Ukrainian, etc.|group=Note}} !% !Roman Catholic !% !Jewish !% !Orthodox & Uniate !% !Other religion {{refn|Includes Old Believers, Protestants, etc.|group=Note}} !% |- |[[Baranavichy]] |161038 |74916 |46.5% |15034 |9.3% |70627 |43.9% |461 |0.3% |45126 |28.0% |16074 |10.0% |99118 |61.5% |720 |0.4% |- |[[Lida]] |183485 |145609 |79.4% |14546 |7.9% |20538 |11.2% |2792 |1.5% |144627 |78.8% |14913 |8.1% |23025 |12.5% |920 |0.5% |- |[[Nyasvizh]] |114464 |27933 |24.4% |8754 |7.6% |77094 |67.4% |683 |0.6% |22378 |19.6% |8880 |7.8% |82245 |71.9% |961 |0.8% |- |[[Novogrudok]] |149536 |35084 |23.5% |10326 |6.9% |103783 |69.4% |343 |0.2% |28796 |19.3% |10462 |7.0% |109162 |73.0% |1116 |0.7% |- |[[Slonim]] |126510 |52313 |41.4% |10058 |8.0% |63445 |50.2% |694 |0.5% |23817 |18.8% |12344 |9.8% |89724 |70.9% |625 |0.5% |- |[[Stowbtsy]] |99389 |51820 |52.1% |6341 |6.4% |40875 |41.1% |353 |0.4% |37856 |38.1% |6975 |7.0% |54076 |54.4% |482 |0.5% |- |[[Shchuchyn]] |107203 |89462 |83.5% |6705 |6.3% |10658 |9.9% |378 |0.4% |60097 |56.1% |7883 |7.4% |38900 |36.3% |323 |0.3% |- |[[Valozhyn]] |115522 |76722 |66.4% |5261 |4.6% |33240 |28.8% |299 |0.3% |61852 |53.5% |5341 |4.6% |47923 |41.5% |406 |0.4% |- |[[Braslaw]] |143161 |93958 |65.6% |7181 |5.0% |37689 |26.3% |4333 |3.0% |89020 |62.2% |7703 |5.4% |29713 |20.8% |16725 |11.7% |- |[[Dzisna]] |159886 |62282 |39.0% |11762 |7.4% |85051 |53.2% |791 |0.5% |56895 |35.6% |11948 |7.5% |88118 |55.1% |2925 |1.8% |- |[[Maladzyechna|Molodechno]] |91285 |35523 |38.9% |5789 |6.3% |49747 |54.5% |226 |0.2% |21704 |23.8% |5910 |6.5% |63074 |69.1% |597 |0.7% |- |[[Ashmyany|Oshmyany]] |104612 |84951 |81.2% |6721 |6.4% |11064 |10.6% |1876 |1.8% |81369 |77.8% |7056 |6.7% |15125 |14.5% |1062 |1.0% |- |[[Pastavy]] |99907 |47917 |48.0% |2683 |2.7% |49071 |49.1% |236 |0.2% |50751 |50.8% |2769 |2.8% |44477 |44.5% |1910 |1.9% |- |[[Švenčionys]] |136475 |68441 |50.1% |7654 |5.6% |16814 |12.3% |43566 |31.9% |117524 |86.1% |7678 |5.6% |1978 |1.4% |9295 |6.8% |- |[[Vilyeyka]] |131070 |59477 |45.4% |5934 |4.5% |65220 |49.8% |439 |0.3% |53168 |40.6% |6113 |4.7% |70664 |53.9% |1125 |0.9% |- |[[Trakai|Vilnius-Trakai]] |214472 |180546 |84.2% |6508 |3.0% |9263 |4.3% |18155 |8.5% |201053 |93.7% |6613 |3.1% |2988 |1.4% |3818 |1.8% |- |[[Vilnius|Vilnius City]] |195071 |128628 |65.9% |54596 |28.0% |9109 |4.7% |2738 |1.4% |125999 |64.6% |55006 |28.2% |9598 |4.9% |4468 |2.3% |- |[[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] |215927 |50248 |23.3% |32089 |14.9% |115323 |53.4% |18267 |8.5% |43020 |19.9% |32280 |14.9% |135911 |62.9% |4716 |2.2% |- |[[Drahichyn]] |97040 |6844 |7.1% |6947 |7.2% |81557 |84.0% |1692 |1.7% |5699 |5.9% |6981 |7.2% |83147 |85.7% |1213 |1.3% |- |[[Kamin-Kashyrskyi]] |94988 |6692 |7.0% |4014 |4.2% |75699 |79.7% |8583 |9.0% |6026 |6.3% |4037 |4.3% |83113 |87.5% |1812 |1.9% |- |[[Kobryn]] |113972 |10040 |8.8% |10489 |9.2% |71435 |62.7% |22008 |19.3% |8973 |7.9% |10527 |9.2% |93426 |82.0% |1046 |0.9% |- |[[Kosava, Belarus|Kosava]] |83696 |8456 |10.1% |6300 |7.5% |68769 |82.2% |171 |0.2% |7810 |9.3% |6333 |7.6% |68941 |82.4% |612 |0.7% |- |[[Luninyets]] |108663 |16535 |15.2% |7811 |7.2% |83769 |77.1% |548 |0.5% |13754 |12.7% |8072 |7.4% |85728 |78.9% |1109 |1.0% |- |[[Pinsk]] |184305 |29077 |15.8% |25088 |13.6% |128787 |69.9% |1353 |0.7% |16465 |8.9% |25385 |13.8% |140022 |76.0% |2433 |1.3% |- |[[Pruzhany]] |108583 |17762 |16.4% |9419 |8.7% |81032 |74.6% |370 |0.3% |16311 |15.0% |9463 |8.7% |82015 |75.5% |794 |0.7% |- |[[Stolin]] |124765 |18452 |14.8% |10809 |8.7% |92253 |73.9% |3251 |2.6% |6893 |5.5% |10910 |8.7% |105280 |84.4% |1682 |1.3% |- |[[Grodno]] |213105 |101089 |47.4% |35354 |16.6% |69832 |32.8% |6830 |3.2% |89122 |41.8% |35693 |16.7% |87205 |40.9% |1085 |0.5% |- |[[Vawkavysk|Volkovysk]] |171327 |83111 |48.5% |13082 |7.6% |74823 |43.7% |311 |0.2% |76373 |44.6% |13283 |7.8% |80621 |47.1% |1050 |0.6% |- !North-East Poland !3849457 !1663888 !43.2% !347255 !9.0% !1696567 !44.1% !141747 !3.7% !1512478 !39.3% !356632 !9.3% !1915317 !49.7% !65030 !1.7% |} ===Largest cities and towns=== In 1931, according to the Polish National Census, the ten largest cities in Polish Eastern Borderlands were: [[Lviv|Lwów]] (pop. 312,200), [[Vilnius|Wilno]] (pop. 195,100), [[Ivano-Frankivsk|Stanisławów]] (pop. 60,000), [[Hrodna|Grodno]] (pop. 49,700), [[Brest, Belarus|Brześć nad Bugiem]] (pop. 48,400), [[Boryslav|Borysław]] (pop. 41,500), [[Rivne|Równe]] (pop. 40,600), [[Ternopil|Tarnopol]] (pop. 35,600), [[Lutsk|Łuck]] (pop. 35,600) and [[Kolomyia|Kołomyja]] (pop. 33,800). In addition, [[Daugavpils]] (pop. 43,200 in 1930) in inter-war [[Latvia]] was also a major Polish community with 21% ethnic Polish inhabitants. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Ethnolinguistic structure (mother tongue) of the population in 24 largest cities and towns in Kresy according to the censuses of 1931<ref name=":02" /> and 1930<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eberhardt |first=Piotr |date=1998 |title=Problematyka narodowościowa Łotwy |url=https://rcin.org.pl/Content/34420/PDF/WA51_44706_r1998-nr54_Zeszyty-IGiPZ.pdf |journal=Zeszyty IGiPZ PAN |volume=54 |pages=30, Tabela 7 |via=Repozytorium Cyfrowe Instytutów Naukowych}}</ref> !City !Pop. !Polish !Yiddish & Hebrew !German !Ukrainian & Ruthenian !Belarusian !Russian !Lithuanian !Other !Today part of: |- |[[Lviv|Lwów]] |312,231 |{{percent and number|198212|312231|1}} |{{percent and number|75316|312231|1}} |{{percent and number|2448|312231|1}} |{{percent and number|35137|312231|1}} |{{percent and number|24|312231|1}} |{{percent and number|462|312231|1}} |{{percent and number|6|312231|1}} |{{percent and number|626|312231|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Vilnius|Wilno]] |195,071 |{{percent and number|128628|195071|1}} |{{percent and number|54596|195071|1}} |{{percent and number|561|195071|1}} |{{percent and number|213|195071|1}} |{{percent and number|1737|195071|1}} |{{percent and number|7372|195071|1}} |{{percent and number|1579|195071|1}} |{{percent and number|385|195071|1}} |{{Flag|Lithuania}} |- |[[Ivano-Frankivsk|Stanisławów]] |59,960 |{{percent and number|26187|59960|1}} |{{percent and number|22944|59960|1}} |{{percent and number|1332|59960|1}} |{{percent and number|9357|59960|1}} |{{percent and number|3|59960|1}} |{{percent and number|50|59960|1}} |{{percent and number|1|59960|1}} |{{percent and number|86|59960|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Grodno]] |49,669 |{{percent and number|23458|49669|1}} |{{percent and number|20931|49669|1}} |{{percent and number|99|49669|1}} |{{percent and number|83|49669|1}} |{{percent and number|1261|49669|1}} |{{percent and number|3730|49669|1}} |{{percent and number|22|49669|1}} |{{percent and number|85|49669|1}} |{{Flag|Belarus}} |- |[[Brest, Belarus|Brześć]] |48,385 |{{percent and number|20595|48385|1}} |{{percent and number|21315|48385|1}} |{{percent and number|24|48385|1}} |{{percent and number|393|48385|1}} |{{percent and number|3434|48385|1}} |{{percent and number|2575|48385|1}} |{{percent and number|1|48385|1}} |{{percent and number|48|48385|1}} |{{Flag|Belarus}} |- |[[Daugavpils]] |43,226 |{{percent and number|9007|43226|1}} |{{percent and number|11636|43226|1}} | - | - |{{percent and number|1006|43226|1}} |{{percent and number|8425|43226|1}} | - |{{percent and number|13152|43226|1}} |{{Flag|Latvia}} |- |[[Boryslav|Borysław]] |41,496 |{{percent and number|22967|41496|1}} |{{percent and number|10538|41496|1}} |{{percent and number|209|41496|1}} |{{percent and number|7686|41496|1}} |{{percent and number|4|41496|1}} |{{percent and number|37|41496|1}} |{{percent and number|2|41496|1}} |{{percent and number|53|41496|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Rivne|Równe]] |40,612 |{{percent and number|11173|40612|1}} |{{percent and number|22557|40612|1}} |{{percent and number|327|40612|1}} |{{percent and number|3194|40612|1}} |{{percent and number|58|40612|1}} |{{percent and number|2792|40612|1}} |{{percent and number|4|40612|1}} |{{percent and number|507|40612|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Ternopil|Tarnopol]] |35,644 |{{percent and number|27712|35644|1}} |{{percent and number|5002|35644|1}} |{{percent and number|14|35644|1}} |{{percent and number|2896|35644|1}} |{{percent and number|2|35644|1}} |{{percent and number|6|35644|1}} |{{percent and number|0|35644|1}} |{{percent and number|12|35644|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Lutsk|Łuck]] |35,554 |{{percent and number|11326|35554|1}} |{{percent and number|17267|35554|1}} |{{percent and number|813|35554|1}} |{{percent and number|3305|35554|1}} |{{percent and number|36|35554|1}} |{{percent and number|2284|35554|1}} |{{percent and number|1|35554|1}} |{{percent and number|522|35554|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Kolomyia|Kołomyja]] |33,788 |{{percent and number|21969|33788|1}} |{{percent and number|6798|33788|1}} |{{percent and number|1220|33788|1}} |{{percent and number|3742|33788|1}} |{{percent and number|0|33788|1}} |{{percent and number|6|33788|1}} |{{percent and number|2|33788|1}} |{{percent and number|51|33788|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Drohobych|Drohobycz]] |32,261 |{{percent and number|18840|32261|1}} |{{percent and number|7987|32261|1}} |{{percent and number|120|32261|1}} |{{percent and number|5243|32261|1}} |{{percent and number|13|32261|1}} |{{percent and number|21|32261|1}} |{{percent and number|0|32261|1}} |{{percent and number|37|32261|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Pinsk|Pińsk]] |31,912 |{{percent and number|7346|31912|1}} |{{percent and number|20181|31912|1}} |{{percent and number|45|31912|1}} |{{percent and number|82|31912|1}} |{{percent and number|1373|31912|1}} |{{percent and number|2866|31912|1}} |{{percent and number|2|31912|1}} |{{percent and number|17|31912|1}} |{{Flag|Belarus}} |- |[[Stryi|Stryj]] |30,491 |{{percent and number|12897|30491|1}} |{{percent and number|9561|30491|1}} |{{percent and number|501|30491|1}} |{{percent and number|7510|30491|1}} |{{percent and number|0|30491|1}} |{{percent and number|10|30491|1}} |{{percent and number|0|30491|1}} |{{percent and number|12|30491|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Kovel|Kowel]] |27,677 |{{percent and number|10295|27677|1}} |{{percent and number|12786|27677|1}} |{{percent and number|50|27677|1}} |{{percent and number|2489|27677|1}} |{{percent and number|27|27677|1}} |{{percent and number|1954|27677|1}} |{{percent and number|1|27677|1}} |{{percent and number|75|27677|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Volodymyr-Volynskyi|Włodzimierz]] |24,591 |{{percent and number|9616|24591|1}} |{{percent and number|10611|24591|1}} |{{percent and number|138|24591|1}} |{{percent and number|3446|24591|1}} |{{percent and number|18|24591|1}} |{{percent and number|724|24591|1}} |{{percent and number|0|24591|1}} |{{percent and number|38|24591|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Baranavichy|Baranowicze]] |22,818 |{{percent and number|9758|22818|1}} |{{percent and number|9423|22818|1}} |{{percent and number|25|22818|1}} |{{percent and number|50|22818|1}} |{{percent and number|2537|22818|1}} |{{percent and number|1006|22818|1}} |{{percent and number|1|22818|1}} |{{percent and number|18|22818|1}} |{{Flag|Belarus}} |- |[[Sambir|Sambor]] |21,923 |{{percent and number|13575|21923|1}} |{{percent and number|5325|21923|1}} |{{percent and number|28|21923|1}} |{{percent and number|2902|21923|1}} |{{percent and number|4|21923|1}} |{{percent and number|4|21923|1}} |{{percent and number|0|21923|1}} |{{percent and number|85|21923|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Kremenets|Krzemieniec]] |19,877 |{{percent and number|3108|19877|1}} |{{percent and number|7245|19877|1}} |{{percent and number|23|19877|1}} |{{percent and number|8430|19877|1}} |{{percent and number|6|19877|1}} |{{percent and number|883|19877|1}} |{{percent and number|2|19877|1}} |{{percent and number|180|19877|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Lida]] |19,326 |{{percent and number|12239|19326|1}} |{{percent and number|6300|19326|1}} |{{percent and number|5|19326|1}} |{{percent and number|28|19326|1}} |{{percent and number|414|19326|1}} |{{percent and number|328|19326|1}} |{{percent and number|2|19326|1}} |{{percent and number|10|19326|1}} |{{Flag|Belarus}} |- |[[Chortkiv|Czortków]] |19,038 |{{percent and number|10504|19038|1}} |{{percent and number|4860|19038|1}} |{{percent and number|11|19038|1}} |{{percent and number|3633|19038|1}} |{{percent and number|0|19038|1}} |{{percent and number|17|19038|1}} |{{percent and number|0|19038|1}} |{{percent and number|13|19038|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Brody]] |17,905 |{{percent and number|8031|17905|1}} |{{percent and number|6266|17905|1}} |{{percent and number|37|17905|1}} |{{percent and number|3548|17905|1}} |{{percent and number|5|17905|1}} |{{percent and number|9|17905|1}} |{{percent and number|0|17905|1}} |{{percent and number|9|17905|1}} |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |- |[[Slonim|Słonim]] |16,251 |{{percent and number|8452|16251|1}} |{{percent and number|6683|16251|1}} |{{percent and number|9|16251|1}} |{{percent and number|45|16251|1}} |{{percent and number|656|16251|1}} |{{percent and number|369|16251|1}} |{{percent and number|2|16251|1}} |{{percent and number|35|16251|1}} |{{Flag|Belarus}} |- |[[Vawkavysk|Wołkowysk]] |15,027 |{{percent and number|7448|15027|1}} |{{percent and number|5827|15027|1}} |{{percent and number|7|15027|1}} |{{percent and number|10|15027|1}} |{{percent and number|1038|15027|1}} |{{percent and number|689|15027|1}} |{{percent and number|3|15027|1}} |{{percent and number|5|15027|1}} |{{Flag|Belarus}} |}
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