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Democracy in China
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==== Later Mao era ==== The [[Cultural Revolution]] promoted political empowerment of ordinary Chinese people, according to academic Dongping Han.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Han |first=Dongping |url= |title=The Unknown Cultural Revolution: Life and Change in a Chinese Village |date=2008 |publisher=[[Monthly Review Press]] |isbn=978-1-58367-180-1 |location=New York |pages=71 |oclc=227930948}}</ref> Prior to the Cultural Revolution, rural production team leaders were appointed by village leaders (who had themselves been appointed by commune leaders).<ref name=":13" /> In his fieldwork in Jimo, academic Dongping Han found that production team leaders during the Cultural Revolution were elected by team members to one year terms as part of what Han describes as a rising democratic consciousness among ordinary people.<ref name=":13" /> In her analysis, academic [[Liu Yu (political scientist)|Liu Yu]] distinguishes the concepts of "liberal" and "democracy," which she views as too often tied together.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last1=Bachulska |first1=Alicja |url=https://ecfr.eu/publication/idea-of-china/ |title=The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People |last2=Leonard |first2=Mark |last3=Oertel |first3=Janka |date=2 July 2024 |publisher=[[European Council on Foreign Relations]] |isbn=978-1-916682-42-9 |location=Berlin, Germany |pages= |format=EPUB |access-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717120845/https://ecfr.eu/publication/idea-of-china/ |archive-date=17 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|page=216}} Liu's view is that during the Cultural Revolution, China was "extremely democratic" while also being "extremely illiberal".<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=216}}
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