Editing Devil (section)

=== Revival of Dualism in the Medieval Age ===
[[File:God and Lucifer - The Queen Mary Psalter (1310-1320), f.1v - BL Royal MS 2 B VII.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|God and Lucifer – The Queen Mary Psalter (1310–1320), f.1v – BL Royal MS 2 B VII]]
Cosmological dualism underwent a revival in the 12th century by through [[Catharism]], probably influenced by [[Bogomilism]] in the 10th century.{{sfn|Russell|1986|p=185}} What is known of the Cathars largely comes in what is preserved by the critics in the Catholic Church which later destroyed them in the [[Albigensian Crusade]]. [[Alain de Lille]], {{c.|1195}}, accused the Cathars of believing in two gods, one of light and one of darkness.{{sfn|Costen|1997|p=61}} Durand de Huesca, responding to a Cathar tract {{c.|1220}} indicates that they regarded the physical world as the creation of Satan.{{sfn|Lambert|1998|p=162}} In the ''[[Gospel of the Secret Supper]]'', Lucifer, just as in prior Gnostic systems, appears as an evil  demiurge, who created the material world and traps souls inside.<ref>Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer ''The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition'' Shambhala Publications 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-834-82414-0}} p. 764</ref> Bogomilism owed many ideas to the earlier [[Paulicians]] in [[Armenia]] and the Near East and had strong impact on the history of the [[Balkans]]. Their true origin probably lies within earlier sects such as [[Nestorianism]], [[Marcionism]] and [[Borborites|Borboritism]], who all share the notion of a [[Docetism|docetic Jesus]]. Like these earlier movements, Bogomilites agree upon a dualism between body and soul, matter and spirit, and a struggle between good and evil.{{sfn|Barnstone|Meyer|2009|pp=752}} The Catholic church sanctioned dualistic teachings in the [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] (1215), by affirming that God created everything from nothing; that the devil and his demons were created good, but turned evil by their own will; that humans yielded to the devil's temptations, thus falling into sin; and that, after [[Resurrection]], the damned will suffer along with the devil, while the saved enjoy eternity with Christ.{{sfn|Russell|1986|p=189}} Only a few theologians from the [[University of Paris]], in 1241, proposed the contrary assertion, that God created the devil evil and without his own decision.{{sfn|Boureau|2006|p=97}}

After the collapse of the [[Ottoman Empire]], parts of Bogomil Dualism remained in [[Balkan]] [[folklore]] concerning creation: according to a story, dated back to the eleventh to thirteenth century, before God created the world, he meets a goose on the eternal ocean. The name of the Goose is reportedly ''Satanael'' and it claims to be a god. When God asks Satanael who he is, the devil answers "the god of gods". God requests that the devil then dive to the bottom of the sea to carry some mud, and from this mud, they fashioned the world. God created his fiery angels from the right part of a flint rock, and the Devil created his demons from the left part of the flint. Later, the devil tries to assault God but is thrown into the abyss. He remains lurking on the creation of God and planning another attack on heaven.{{sfn|Orlov|2011|pp=98–99}} This myth shares some resemblance with [[Turkic mythology|Pre-Islamic Turkic creation myths]] as well as Bogomilite thoughts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stoyanov |first1=Yuri |title=Islamic and Christian Heterodox Water Cosmogonies from the Ottoman Period: Parallels and Contrasts |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2001 |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=19–33 |id={{INIST|1157309}} {{ProQuest|214039469}} |doi=10.1017/S0041977X01000027 |jstor=3657539 |s2cid=162583636 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/39765/1/Islamic%20%26%20Christian%20Heterodox%20Cosmogonies_Ottoman%20Period_YuriStoyanov.pdf }}</ref>

The story bears resemblance to other Turko-Mongolian cosmogonies. According to one myth found among the [[Tatars|Siberian Tatars]], God and his first creation are envisaged in the form of ducks. God asks his creature and companion to dive into the ocean to retrieve some earth. However, the second duck,  identified with [[Erlik|Erlik Khan]], turns against God and becomes his rival.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stoyanov |first1=Yuri |title=Islamic and Christian Heterodox Water Cosmogonies from the Ottoman Period: Parallels and Contrasts |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2001 |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=19–33 |id={{INIST|1157309}} {{ProQuest|214039469}} |doi=10.1017/S0041977X01000027 |jstor=3657539 |s2cid=162583636 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/39765/1/Islamic%20%26%20Christian%20Heterodox%20Cosmogonies_Ottoman%20Period_YuriStoyanov.pdf }}</ref> A similar legend is recorded among the [[Altai people|Altai Turks]]. Erlik and God swam together over the primordial waters. When God was about to create the Earth, he sent Erlik to dive into the waters and collect some mud. Erlik hid some inside his mouth to later create his own world. But when God commanded the Earth to expand, Erlik got troubled by the mud in his mouth. God aided Erlik to spit it out. The mud carried by Erlik gave place to the unpleasant areas of the world. Because of his sin, he was assigned to evil. Since he claimed equality with God by creating his own world, God punishes Erlik Khan, by granting him his own kingdom in the Underworld.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stoyanov |first1=Yuri |title=Islamic and Christian Heterodox Water Cosmogonies from the Ottoman Period: Parallels and Contrasts |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2001 |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=19–33 |id={{INIST|1157309}} {{ProQuest|214039469}} |doi=10.1017/S0041977X01000027 |jstor=3657539 |s2cid=162583636 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/39765/1/Islamic%20%26%20Christian%20Heterodox%20Cosmogonies_Ottoman%20Period_YuriStoyanov.pdf }}</ref><ref>Mircea Eliade History of Religious Ideas, Volume 3: From Muhammad to the Age of Reforms University of Chicago Press, 31 December 2013 ISBN 978-0-226-14772-7 p. 9</ref><ref>David Adams Leeming A Dictionary of Creation Myths Oxford University Press 2014 ISBN 978-0-19-510275-8 p. 7</ref> In one variant, recorded by [[Verbitsky Vasily]], not only Erlik Khan, but also the spirits he created, were banished form the heavens and cast down to the lower realms.<ref>Fuzuli Bayat Türk Mitolojik Sistemi 2: Kutsal Dişi – Mitolojik Ana, Umay Paradigmasında İlkel Mitolojik Kategoriler – İyeler ve Demonoloji Ötüken Neşriyat A.Ş 2016 ISBN 9786051554075 (Turkish)
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