Editing Dialogue (section)

==As practice==
{{main article|Dialogic learning}}
[[File:Shimer College Classroom Upshot.jpg|thumb|A classroom dialogue at [[Shimer College]]]]

Dialogue is used as a practice in a variety of settings, from [[education]] to [[business]]. Influential theorists of dialogal education include [[Paulo Freire]] and [[Ramon Flecha]].

In the United States, an early form of dialogic learning emerged in the [[Great Books]] movement of the early to mid-20th century, which emphasised egalitarian dialogues in small classes as a way of understanding the foundational texts of the [[Western canon]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Great Books Programs|title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science |year=1973|volume=10 |pages=159–160 |first1=Otto A.|last1=Bird|first2=Thomas J.|last2=Musial }}</ref> Institutions that continue to follow a version of this model include the [[Great Books Foundation]], [[Shimer College]] in Chicago,<ref>{{Cite news|work=Guardian|first=Ronson|last=Jon|author-link=Jon Ronson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/dec/06/shimer-college-illinois-worst-school-america|date=2014-12-06|title=Shimer College: The Worst School in America?}}</ref> and [[St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)|St. John's College]] in Annapolis and Santa Fe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sjc.edu/about/why-sjc/|title=Why SJC?|access-date=2015-01-18|publisher=St. John's College}}</ref>

===Egalitarian dialogue===
{{main article|Egalitarian dialogue}}
Egalitarian dialogue is a concept in [[dialogic learning]]. It may be defined as a dialogue in which contributions are considered according to the validity of their reasoning, instead of according to the status or position of power of those who make them.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sharing Words. Theory and Practice of Dialogic Learning|first=Ramon|last=Flecha|author-link=Ramon Flecha|year=2000|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Rowman and Littlefield}}</ref>

===Structured dialogue===
Structured dialogue represents a class of dialogue practices developed as a means of orienting the dialogic discourse toward problem understanding and [[Consensus decision-making|consensual]] action. Whereas most traditional dialogue practices are unstructured or semi-structured, such conversational modes have been observed as insufficient for the coordination of multiple perspectives in a problem area. A disciplined form of dialogue, where participants agree to follow a dialogue framework or a [[Facilitation (business)|facilitator]], enables groups to address complex shared problems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Family Business and Social Capital|page=xxi |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1849807388|isbn=978-1849807388 |first=R. L.|last=Sorenson|year=2011 |publisher=Edward Elgar }}</ref>

[[Alexander Christakis|Aleco Christakis]] (who created ''structured dialogue design'') and [[John N. Warfield]] (who created ''science of generic design'') were two of the leading developers of this school of dialogue.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The [[Onlife]] Manifesto|page=130 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3319040936|isbn=978-3319040936 |editor=Floridi, Luciano |chapter=Reengineering and Reinventing both Democracy and the Concept of Life in the Digital Era|first=Yiannis|last=Laouris |date=2014-11-16 |publisher=Springer }}</ref> The rationale for engaging structured dialogue follows the observation that a rigorous bottom-up democratic form of dialogue must be structured to ensure that a sufficient variety of stakeholders represents the problem system of concern, and that their voices and contributions are equally balanced in the dialogic process.

Structured dialogue is employed for complex problems including [[peacemaking]] (e.g., [[Civil Society Dialogue project in Cyprus]]) and indigenous community development.,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Theory and Practice of Dialogical Community Development|page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1136272852|isbn=978-1136272851 |first1=Peter|last1=Westoby|first2=Gerard|last2=Dowling|year=2013 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref> as well as government and social policy formulation.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Youth Policy Manual: How to Develop a National Youth Strategy|page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9287165769|isbn=978-9287165763 |first=Finn Yrjar |last=Denstad|year=2009|publisher=Council of Europe }}</ref>

In one deployment, structured dialogue is (according to a European Union definition) "a means of mutual communication between governments and administrations including [[Institutions of the European Union|EU institutions]] and young people. The aim is to get young people's contribution towards the formulation of policies relevant to young peoples lives."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.youthweek.magusine.net/spip.php?article46 |title=Definition of structured dialogue focused on youth matters |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114073217/http://www.youthweek.magusine.net/spip.php?article46 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The application of structured dialogue requires one to differentiate the meanings of discussion and deliberation.

Groups such as Worldwide Marriage Encounter and Retrouvaille use dialogue as a communication tool for married couples. Both groups teach a dialogue method that helps couples learn more about each other in non-threatening postures, which helps to foster growth in the married relationship.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Marriage Enrichment: Preparation, Mentoring, and Outreach|page=[https://archive.org/details/marriageenrichme0000hunt/page/13 13]|url=https://archive.org/details/marriageenrichme0000hunt|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0876309131 |first1=Richard A. |last1=Hunt|first2=Larry|last2=Hof|first3=Rita|last3=DeMaria|year=1998|publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref>

===Dialogical leadership===
The German philosopher and classicist [[:de:Karl-Martin Dietz|Karl-Martin Dietz]] emphasises the original meaning of dialogue (from Greek ''dia-logos'', i.e. 'two words'), which goes back to Heraclitus: "The logos [...] answers to the question of the world as a whole and how everything in it is connected. Logos is the one principle at work, that gives order to the manifold in the world."<ref>Karl-Martin Dietz: ''Acting Independently for the Good of the Whole. From Dialogical Leadership to a Dialogical Corporate Culture''. Heidelberg: Menon 2013. p. 10.</ref> For Dietz, dialogue means "a kind of thinking, acting and speaking, which the logos "passes through""<ref>Dietz: Acting Independently for the Good of the Whole. p. 10.</ref> Therefore, talking to each other is merely one part of "dialogue". Acting dialogically means directing someone's attention to another one and to reality at the same time.<ref>Karl-Martin Dietz: Dialog die Kunst der Zusammenarbeit. 4. Auflage. Heidelberg 2014. p. 7.</ref>

Against this background and together with Thomas Kracht, Karl-Martin Dietz developed what he termed "[[:de:Dialogische Führung|dialogical leadership]]" as a form of organisational management.<ref name="Karl-Martin Dietz 2011">Karl-Martin Dietz, Thomas Kracht: Dialogische Führung. Grundlagen - Praxis Fallbeispiel: dm-drogerie markt. 3. Auflage. Frankfurt am Main: Campus 2011.</ref> In several German enterprises and organisations it replaced the traditional human resource management, e.g. in the German [[drugstore]] chain [[dm-drogerie markt]].<ref name="Karl-Martin Dietz 2011"/>

Separately, and earlier to Thomas Kracht and Karl-Martin Dietz, Rens van Loon published multiple works on the concept of dialogical leadership, starting with a chapter in the 2003 book ''The Organization as Story''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yHA8etYwBLwC&q=Dialogical+Leadership+van+Loon&pg=PA109|title = De organisatie als verhaal|year = 2003| publisher=Koninklijke Van Gorcum |isbn = 9789023239468}}</ref>

===Moral dialogues===
Moral dialogues are social processes which allow societies or communities to form new shared moral understandings. Moral dialogues have the capacity to modify the moral positions of a sufficient number of people to generate widespread approval for actions and policies that previously had little support or were considered morally inappropriate by many. Communitarian philosopher [[Amitai Etzioni]] has developed an analytical framework which—modelling historical examples—outlines the reoccurring components of moral dialogues. Elements of moral dialogues include: establishing a moral baseline; sociological dialogue starters which initiate the process of developing new shared moral understandings; the linking of multiple groups' discussions in the form of "megalogues"; distinguishing the distinct attributes of the moral dialogue (apart from rational deliberations or culture wars); dramatisation to call widespread attention to the issue at hand; and, closure through the establishment of a new shared moral understanding.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=978-3-319-69623-2|language=en|last1=Etzioni|first1=Amitai|title = Happiness is the Wrong Metric|volume=11|pages=65–86|year=2017|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-69623-2_4|series=Library of Public Policy and Public Administration|chapter=Moral Dialogues}}</ref> Moral dialogues allow people of a given community to determine what is morally acceptable to a majority of people within the community.