Editing Disability studies (section)

===Critical disability theory===
At the intersection of disability studies and [[critical theory]] is critical disability theory.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Hall|first=Melinda C.|title=Critical Disability Theory|date=2019|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/disability-critical/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Winter 2019|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Pothier |editor-first=Dianne |editor2-first=Richard |editor2-last=Devlin |title=Critical Disability Theory: Essays in Philosophy, Politics, Policy, and Law |publisher=UBC Press |series=Law and Society Series |date=2006 |isbn= 978-0-7748-1204-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcoupGWnvSYC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Bell |editor-first=Christopher |title=Blackness and Disability: Critical Examinations and Cultural Interventions |series=Forecaast Series |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |date=2011 |isbn=978-3-643-10126-6 |oclc=1147991080 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2N8uMz6g02gC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Meekosha |first1=Helen |last2=Shuttleworth |first2=Russell |date=November 2009 |title=What's so 'critical' about critical disability studies? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1323238X.2009.11910861 |journal=Australian Journal of Human Rights   |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=47–75 |doi=10.1080/1323238X.2009.11910861 |issn=1323-238X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The term ''crip theory'' originates in Carrie Sandahl's article "Queering the Crip or Crippling the Queer?: Intersections of Queer and [[Crip (disability term)|Crip]] Identities in Solo Autobiographical Performance". It was published in 2003 as part of a journal issue titled "Desiring Disability: Queer Theory Meets Disability Studies".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Desiring Disability: Queer Theory Meets Disability Studies |date=2003|publisher=Duke University Press|editor-first1=Abby Lynn |editor-last1=Wilkerson |editor-first2=Robert |editor-last2=McRuer |isbn=0-8223-6551-0|location=Durham, N.C.|oclc=52353836}}</ref> [[Christopher Bell (scholar)|Christopher Bell]]'s <ref name=":0" /> ''Blackness and Disability'';<ref name=":1" /> and the work of [[Robert McRuer]] both explore [[Queer theory|queerness]] and disability. Work includes the intersections of race and ethnicity with disability in the field of education studies and has attempted to bridge [[critical race theory]] with disability studies.<ref name="Annamma2015">{{Cite journal|last1=Annamma|first1=Subini Ancy|last2=Connor|first2=David|last3=Ferri|first3=Beth|date=18 November 2015|title=Dis/ability critical race studies (DisCrit): theorizing at the intersections of race and dis/ability|url=https://www.academia.edu/2258717|journal=Race Ethnicity and Education|volume=16|issue=1|pages=1–31|doi=10.1080/13613324.2012.730511|s2cid=145739550}}</ref>

*2006 ''Crip Theory: Cultural Signs of Queerness and Disability'' by Robert McRuer<ref>{{Cite book|title=Crip theory : cultural signs of queerness and disability|last=McRuer |first=Robert |date=2006|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-1-4356-0039-3 |oclc=173511594}}</ref>
*2011 ''Feminist Disability Studies'' by Kim Q. Hall<ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminist disability studies|last=Hall |first=Kim Q. |isbn=978-0-253-00518-2 |oclc=757757449 |publisher=Indiana University Press }}</ref>
* 2012 ''Sex and Disability'' by Robert McRuer, Anna Mollow<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sex and disability|date=2012|publisher=Duke University Press |last1=McRuer |first1=Robert |last2=Mollow |first2=Anna |isbn=978-0-8223-5140-5 |oclc=741103630 |doi=10.1215/9780822394877}}</ref>
* 2013 ''Feminist, Queer, Crip'' by Alison Kafer<ref name=Kafer13/>
*2018 ''Crip Times: Disability, Globalization, and Resistance'' by Robert McRuer<ref>{{Cite book|title=Crip Times|last=McRuer|isbn=978-1-4798-0875-5 |publisher=New York University Press |oclc=1124542554 |date = 2018}}</ref>
*2018 ''Disability Studies and the Environmental Humanities: Toward an Eco-Crip Theory'' by Sarah Jaquette Ray, Jay Sibara, Stacy Alaimo<ref>{{Cite book|title=Disability Studies and the Environmental Humanities: Toward an Eco-Crip Theory |editor-last=Ray |editor-first=Sarah Jaquette |editor2-last=Sibara |editor2-first=Jay |last=Alaimo |first=Stacy |isbn=978-0-8032-7845-5 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press|oclc=985515273 |date = 2017 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1p6jht5 |jstor=j.ctt1p6jht5}}</ref>
*2019 ''The Matter of Disability: Materiality, Biopolitics, Crip Affect'' by David T. Mitchell, Susan Antebi, et al.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The matter of disability : materiality, biopolitics, crip affect |editor-last=Mitchell |editor-first=David T. |editor2-last=Antebi |editor2-first=Susan |editor3-last=Snyder |editor3-first=Sharon L. |isbn=978-0-472-05411-4 |doi=10.3998/mpub.9365129 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |oclc=1055263568|year = 2019}}</ref>
Most of the literature above is written by individual authors in the United States but there is nothing on there from other countries that depicts disability and sexuality in the same context. Myren-Svelstad, a Norwegian scholar compares two deviant novels in Norway's society, Nini Roll Anker's ''Enken [the Widow]'' written in 1932 and Magnhild Haalke's ''Allis sønn [Alli's Son]'' written in 1935.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Myren-Svelstad|first=Per Esben|date=2018|title="Anachrony, Disability, and the Gay Man"|journal=Föreningen Lambda Nordica|volume=1-2|pages=62–84|via=Gender Studies}}</ref> They both depict a queer man who is also disabled. The disability being depicted as someone whose mental capacity is significantly different than society's heteronormative view. The significance of the movements began to build momentum and most legal recognition in the 1980s. It was only in 1973 that the [[American Psychiatric Association]] removed homosexuality from their list of mental disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Drescher|first=Jack|date=2015|title=Out of DSM: Depathologizing Homosexuality|journal=Behavioral Sciences|volume=5|issue=4|pages=565–575|pmc=4695779|pmid=26690228|doi=10.3390/bs5040565|doi-access=free}}</ref> In addition to this, it was about forty years later in 2013 that the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition'' ([[DSM-5]]) changed the listing of transgender to "gender dysphoria".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|last=American Psychiatric Association|date=2013-05-22|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|isbn=978-0890425558 |doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596|hdl=2027.42/138395|citeseerx=10.1.1.988.5627|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse}}</ref>

One of the most notable circumstances where the case of these two minority rights come together was the court case ''[[In re Guardianship of Kowalski]]'', in which an accident that occurred in 1983 left 36-year-old Sharon Kowalski physically disabled with severe brain injuries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/07/us/gay-groups-are-rallied-to-aid-2-women-s-fight.html |url-access=subscription |title=Gay Groups Are Rallied To Aid 2 Women's Fight|last=Brozan|first=Nadine|work=The New York Times |date=7 August 1988 |access-date=2018-10-18 }}</ref> The court granted guardianship of her to her homophobic parents who refused visitation rights to her long time partner, Karen Thompson. The court case lasted nearly ten years and was resolved by granting Thompson custody in 1991.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/18/us/disabled-woman-s-care-given-to-lesbian-partner.html |url-access=subscription |title=Disabled Woman's Care Given to Lesbian Partner|last=Lewin|first=Tamar|work=The New York Times |date=18 December 1991 |access-date=2018-10-07 }}</ref> This was a major victory in the realm of gay rights but also called to attention the validity of rights for those who identified under the queer and disabled spectrum. Numerous support groups emerged from necessity to create safe spaces for those identifying in these specific minority groups such as the founding of the Rainbow Alliance of the Deaf in 1977,{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} the Lesbian Disabled Veterans of America group in 1996{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} which then became the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Disabled Veterans of America, and the San Francisco Gay Amputees group in 2006.

A 2012 study showed that disability was more common in LGBTQ individuals when compared to heterosexual peers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fredriksen-Goldsen|first1=Karen I.|last2=Kim|first2=Hyun-Jun|last3=Barkan|first3=Susan E.|date=2012|title=Disability Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults: Disparities in Prevalence and Risk|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=102|issue=1|pages=e16–e21|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2011.300379 |doi-access=free |issn=0090-0036|pmc=3490559|pmid=22095356}}</ref> It was also shown that the LGBTQ group with disabilities were noticeably younger in age than the heterosexual group. In a 2014 study of intersecting identities found that "disabled women whether gay, straight, bisexual or otherwise identifying have a harder time finding romantic relationships due to their socioeconomic status and ability.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|first1=J. D. |last1=Drummond |first2=Shari |last2=Brotman |date=October 2014|title=A Queer Woman's Experience of Disability and Sexuality|journal=Sex Disability|volume=32|issue=4 |pages=533–549|doi=10.1007/s11195-014-9382-4|s2cid=207237014|via=Gender Watch}}</ref> Drummond and Brotman introduce the idea that the lesbian disabled community face many barriers because of discrimination in the form of ableism, homophobia, racism and more due to intersecting identities and interests.<ref name=":4" />

It is also a large topic of discussion to say that both groups have to undergo the same kind of "coming out" process in terms of their sexual identity, gender identity, and disability identity because of the lasting social stigma.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vaughn M, McEntee B, Schoen B, McGrady M |date=2015|title=Addressing Disability Stigma within the Lesbian Community|journal=Journal of Rehabilitation|volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=49–56 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/43888838/Lesbian___Disability.pdf}}</ref> "Coming out" through sexual identity, gender identity, and disability identity is one example of "Double Jeopardy", as they are part of more than one stigmatized group.

[[Eli Clare]] writes at the intersection of disability and transgender studies, namely as to how these disciplines can learn from each other. Similarly to how there is a 'coming out' for both transgender people and people with disabilities, there is a lack of bodily privacy both groups are faced with, primarily due to an over-medicalization of the body. Clare also works to make the distinction between bodily and medical truths, where one's diagnosis and medical treatment as a transgender or disabled person does not dictate their embodiment and how they navigate the world. Eventually, Clare reaches the idea of a disability politics of transness, which "delves into the lived experiences of our bodies, that questions the idea of normal and the notion of cure, that values self-determination, that resists shame and the medicalization of identity".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clare|first=Eli|title=The Transgender Studies Reader 2|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|editor-last=Stryker|editor-first=Susan|pages=265|chapter=21. Body Shame, Body Pride: Lessons From the Disability Rights Movement|editor-last2=Aizura|editor-first2=Aren |isbn=978-0-8147-6109-0 |oclc=173511594}}</ref>