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== Formal semantics and pragmatics == In [[Formal semantics (linguistics)|formal semantics]] and [[pragmatics]], discourse is often viewed as the process of refining the information in a [[common ground (linguistics)|common ground]]. In some theories of semantics, such as [[discourse representation theory]], sentences' [[denotation]]s themselves are equated with functions that update a [[common ground (linguistics)|common ground]].<ref name = "speechactsep">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Green |first= Mitchell | editor-last1=Zalta |editor-first1=Edward |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title= Speech Acts |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/speech-acts/ |access-date=2021-03-05 |year=2020}}</ref><ref name = "assertionsep">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Pagin |first= Peter | editor-last1=Zalta |editor-first1=Edward |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title=Assertion |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/assertion/ |access-date=2021-03-05 |year=2016}}</ref><ref name = "dynsemsep" >{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Nowen |first1=Rick |last2=Brasoveanu | first2=Adrian | last3=van Eijck | first3=Jan | last4=Visser |first4=Albert |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first= Edward |encyclopedia= The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title=Dynamic Semantics |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/dynamic-semantics/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |year=2016}}</ref><ref name = "stalnakerassertion">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Stalnaker |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Stalnaker |editor-last1=Cole |editor-first1=P |encyclopedia= Syntax and Semantics, Vol. IX: Pragmatics |title=Assertion |year=1978 |publisher=Academic Press}}</ref>
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