Editing Disruptive innovation (section)

==Disruptive technology==
In 2009, [[Milan Zeleny]] described high technology as disruptive technology and raised the question of what is being disrupted. The answer, according to Zeleny, is the ''support network'' of high technology.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zeleny|first=Milan|s2cid=34883719|title=High Technology and Barriers to Innovation: From Globalization to Localization|journal=[[International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making]]|volume=11|issue=2|page=P 441|doi=10.1142/S021962201240010X|year=2012}}</ref> For example, introducing electric cars disrupts the support network for gasoline cars (network of gas and service stations). Such disruption is fully expected and therefore effectively resisted by support net owners. In the long run, high (disruptive) technology bypasses, upgrades, or replaces the outdated support network.

Questioning the concept of a disruptive technology, Haxell (2012) questions how such technologies get named and framed, pointing out that this is a positioned and retrospective act.<ref>{{cite thesis|last = Haxell|first= A. |date =October 2012|location = Melbourne, Australia|url= https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/thesis/Enactments_of_change_becoming_textually_active_at_youthline_NZ/21103081|title = Enactments of change: Becoming textually active at Youthline NZ |type = PhD |publisher = Deakin University}}</ref><ref>Bhatt, I. (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=siMlDwAAQBAJ&q=%22disruptive+innovation%22 Assignments as Controversies: Digital Literacy and Writing in Classroom Practice]. New York, N.Y.: Routledge.</ref>

Technology, being a form of social relationship,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Vuong|first1=Quan-Hoang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wdsEAAAQBAJ|title=A New Theory of Serendipity: Nature, Emergence and Mechanism|date=2022|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH|isbn=9788366675582|language=en}}</ref> always evolves. No technology remains fixed. Technology starts, develops, persists, mutates, stagnates, and declines, just like living [[organisms]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Opening up the innovation process: towards an agenda | first=Oliver | last=Gassmann | journal=R&D Management |date=May 2006  | volume=36 | issue=3 | pages=P 223–366 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-9310.2006.00437.x| s2cid=10483066 | url=https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/29184/1/06_R%26DMgmt_editorial_towards%20an%20agenda.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921204216/https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/29184/1/06_R%26DMgmt_editorial_towards%20an%20agenda.pdf |archive-date=September 21, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The evolutionary life cycle occurs in the use and development of any technology. A new high-technology core emerges and challenges existing [[technology support net]]s (TSNs), which are thus forced to coevolve with it. New versions of the core are designed and fitted into an increasingly appropriate TSN, with smaller and smaller high-technology effects. High technology becomes regular technology, with more efficient versions fitting the same support net. Finally, even the efficiency gains diminish, emphasis shifts to product tertiary attributes (appearance, style), and technology becomes TSN-preserving appropriate technology. This technological equilibrium state becomes established and fixated, resisting being interrupted by a technological mutation; then new high technology appears and the cycle is repeated.

Regarding this evolving process of technology, [[Clayton M. Christensen|Christensen]] said:
{{quote|The technological changes that damage established companies are usually not radically new or difficult from a technological point of view. They do, however, have two important characteristics: First, they typically present a different package of performance attributes—ones that, at least at the outset, are not valued by existing customers. Second, the performance attributes that existing customers do value improve at such a rapid rate that the new technology can later invade those established markets.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Disruptive Technologies Catching the Wave | journal=Harvard Business Review |date=January 1995  | page=P 3 | first1=Clayton | last1=Christensen}}</ref>}}

The [[World Bank]]'s 2019 [[World Development Report]] on ''The Changing Nature of Work''<ref>{{cite web| url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/816281518818814423/pdf/2019-WDR-Report.pdf| title = World Bank World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work.}}</ref> examines how technology shapes the relative demand for certain skills in labor markets and expands the reach of firms - robotics and digital technologies, for example, enable firms to automate, replacing labor with machines to become more efficient, and innovate, expanding the number of tasks and products. [http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=6426 Joseph Bower]<ref>{{cite web|title=HBS Faculty & Research|url=http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=6426}}</ref> explained the process of how disruptive technology, through its requisite support net, dramatically transforms a certain industry.
{{quote|When the technology that has the potential for revolutionizing an industry emerges, established companies typically see it as unattractive: it’s not something their mainstream customers want, and its projected profit margins aren’t sufficient to cover big-company cost structure. As a result, the new technology tends to get ignored in favor of what’s currently popular with the best customers. But then another company steps in to bring the innovation to a new market. Once the disruptive technology becomes established there, smaller-scale innovation rapidly raise the technology’s performance on attributes that mainstream customers’ value.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/6623927 | title=Disruptive Change | journal=Harvard Business Review |date=May 2002  | volume=80 | issue=5 | pages=P 95–101 | first1=Joseph | last1=Bower}}</ref>}}

For example, the automobile was high technology with respect to the horse carriage. It evolved into technology and finally into appropriate technology with a stable, unchanging TSN. The main high-technology advance in the offing is some form of [[electric car]]—whether the energy source is the sun, hydrogen, water, air pressure, or traditional charging outlet. Electric cars preceded the gasoline automobile by many decades and are now returning to replace the traditional gasoline automobile. The [[printing press]] was a development that changed the way that information was stored, transmitted, and replicated. This allowed empowered authors but it also promoted [[censorship]] and [[information overload]] in writing technology.

[[Milan Zeleny]] described the above phenomenon.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Technology and High Technology: Support Net and Barriers to Innovation | last=Zeleny | first=Milan | journal=Advanced Management Systems |date=January 2009  | volume=01 | issue=1 | pages=P 8–21}}</ref> He also wrote that:
{{quote|Implementing high technology is often resisted. This resistance is well understood on the part of active participants in the requisite TSN. The electric car will be resisted by gas-station operators in the same way automated teller machines (ATMs) were resisted by bank tellers and automobiles by horsewhip makers. Technology does not qualitatively restructure the TSN and therefore will not be resisted and never has been resisted. Middle management resists [[business process reengineering]] because BPR represents a direct assault on the support net (coordinative hierarchy) they thrive on. Teamwork and multi-functionality is resisted by those whose TSN provides the comfort of narrow specialization and command-driven work.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Technology and High Technology: Support Net and Barriers to Innovation | last=Zeleny | first=Milan | journal=Acta Mechanica Slovaca |date=September 2009  | volume=36 | issue=1 | pages=P 6–19}}</ref>}}

Social media could be considered a disruptive innovation within sports. More specifically, the way that news in sports circulates nowadays versus the pre-internet era where sports news was mainly on TV, radio and newspapers. Social media has created a new market for sports that was not around before in the sense that players and fans have instant access to information related to sports.

Disruptiveness of research [[Article-level metrics|articles can be estimated]] with CD index.<ref name="u950">{{cite journal | last=Funk | first=Russell J. | last2=Owen-Smith | first2=Jason | title=A Dynamic Network Measure of Technological Change | journal=Management Science | volume=63 | issue=3 | date=2017 | issn=0025-1909 | doi=10.1287/mnsc.2015.2366 | pages=791–817}}</ref><ref name="w782">{{cite journal | last=Park | first=Michael | last2=Leahey | first2=Erin | last3=Funk | first3=Russell J. | title=Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time | journal=Nature | volume=613 | issue=7942 | date=5 January 2023 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05543-x | doi-access=free | pages=138–144}}</ref>