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===Seljuks=== {{See also|Seljuk Sultanate|Seljuk dynasty|Al-Muqtadi}} The [[Great Seljuks]] tended to cherish their nomadic origins, with their [[sultan]]s leading a [[wikt:peripatetic|peripatetic]] court to their various capitals. Coupled with their frequent absence on campaign, the vizier assumed an even greater prominence, concentrating the direction of civil, military and religious affairs in his own bureau, the "supreme dīwān" (''dīwān al-aʿlā'').{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=434}} The ''dīwān al-aʿlā'' was further subdivided into a chancery (''dīwān al-inshāʾ wa’l-ṭughrā'', also called ''dīwān al-rasāʾil'') under the ''ṭughrāʾī'' or ''munshī al-mamālik'', an accounting department (''dīwān al-zimām wa’l-istīfāʾ'') under the ''mustawfī al-mamālik'', a fiscal oversight office (''dīwān al-ishrāf'' or ''dīwān al-muʿāmalāt'') under the ''mushrif al-mamālik'', and the army department (''dīwān al-ʿarḍ'' or ''dīwān al-jaysh'') under the ''ʿariḍ'' (further divided into the recruitment and supply bureau, ''dīwān al-rawātib'', and the salary and land grants bureau, ''dīwān al-iqṭāʾ'').{{sfn|Lambton|1988|pp=28–29}}{{sfn|Korobeinikov|2014|p=84}} A number of lesser departments is also attested, although they may not have existed at the same time: the office charged with the redress of grievances (''dīwān al-maẓālim''), the state treasury (''bayt al-māl'') and the sultan's private treasury (''bayt al-māl al-khaṣṣ''), confiscations (''dīwān al-muṣādara''), the land tax office (''dīwān al-kharāj'') and the department of religious endowments or ''[[waqf]]s'' (''dīwān al-awqāf''). A postal department (''dīwān al-barīd'') also existed but fell into disuse.{{sfn|Korobeinikov|2014|p=84}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=435}} The system was apparently partly copied in provincial centres as well.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=435}}
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