Editing Dnipro (section)

=== Imperial city ===
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==== Establishment of Catherine's city ====
The first written mention of a town in the [[Russian Empire]] called Yekaterinoslav can be found in a report from [[Azov Governorate|Azov Governor]] [[Vasily Chertkov]] to [[Grigory Potemkin]] on 23 April 1776. He wrote "The provincial city called Yekaterinoslav should be the best convenience on the right side of the [[Dnieper River]] near Kaydak..." (referring to Novyi Kodak). In 1777, a town named Yekaterinoslav (''the glory of Catherine''),<ref name="Cybriwsky History of the Dnipro"/> was built to the north of the present-day city at the confluence of the [[Samara (Dnieper)|Samara]] and Kilchen rivers. The site was badly chosen – spring waters transformed the city into a bog.<ref name="eugene">{{cite web |url=http://www.eugene.com.ua/dnepr.html |title=www.eugene.com.ua Dnepropetrovsk History |publisher=Eugene.com.ua |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="ukrssr2"/> The surviving settlement was later renamed [[Samar, Ukraine|Novomoskovsk]].<ref name="midnipromuseumnovyjkodak"/><ref name="ReferenceA">S. S. Montefiore: Prince of Princes – The Life of Potemkin</ref>

The territory of modern Dnipro, despite the modern-day city's size, still has not expanded to encompass the territory of (Chertkov's) Yekaterinoslav of 1776.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/> On 22 January 1784 [[Russian Emperor|Russian Empress]] [[Catherine the Great]] signed an Imperial Ukase directing that "the gubernatorial city under name of Yekaterinoslav be moved to the right bank of the [[Dnieper]] river near Kodak". The new city would serve [[Grigory Potemkin]] as a [[Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty|Viceregal seat for the combined Novorossiya and Azov Governorates]].<ref name="ukrssr2"/>

On {{OldStyleDate|20 May|1787|9 May}}, in the course of her celebrated [[Crimean journey of Catherine the Great|Crimean journey]], the Empress laid the foundation stone of the [[Transfiguration Cathedral, Dnipro|Transfiguration Cathedral]] in the presence of Austrian [[Emperor Joseph II]], [[Polish king]] [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]], and the French and English ambassadors.<ref>Portno and Portnova (2015), p. 225</ref><ref name="sobor2">{{cite web |last=Kavun |first=Maksim |script-title=ru:Загадки Преображенского собора |trans-title=Riddles surrounding the Transfiguration Cathedral |url=http://gorod.dp.ua/history/article_ru.php?article=124 |access-date=27 July 2019 |publisher=Gorod.dp.ua |language=ru}}</ref> Potemkin's grandiose plans for a third Russian imperial capital alongside Moscow and Saint Petersburg included a viceregal palace, a university (Potemkin envisioned Yekaterinoslav as the '[[Athens]] of southern Russia'<ref name="CharlesWynnPA25&l"/>), courts of law and a botanical garden,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=acjMDgAAQBAJ&dq=Yekaterinoslav+Potemkin&pg=PA83 Mungo Melvin CB OBE, ''Sevastopol's Wars: Crimea from Potemkin to Putin'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017], page 83</ref> were frustrated by a renewal of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)|Russo-Turkish war]] in 1787, by bureaucratic procrastination, defective workmanship, and theft, Potemkin's death in 1791 and that of his imperial patroness five years later.<ref name="CharlesWynnPA25&l">Charles Wynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6jYABAAAQBAJ&dq=Ekaterinoslav+third+capital+Russia&pg=PA25 Workers, Strikes, and Pogroms: The Donbass-Dnepr Bend in Late Imperial Russia, 1870–1905] – "[The Empress] and her favorite, Prince Grigorii Potemkin, the city's first governor-general and the de facto viceroy of southern Russia, had big plans for Ekaterinoslav. Potemkin envisioned Ekaterinoslav as the 'Athens of southern Russia' and as Russia's third capital – 'the centre of the administrative, economic, and cultural life of southern Russia.'"</ref>

In 1815 a government official described the town as "more like some [[Russian Mennonites|Dutch [Mennonite] colony]] then a provincial administrative centre".<ref name="BartlettYekaterinoslav2">{{cite book |last=Bartlett |first=Roger P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLc8AAAAIAAJ&dq=Yekaterinoslav+Potemkin+death&pg=PA133 |title=Human Capital: The Settlement of Foreigners in Russia 1762–1804 |date=13 December 1979 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22205-1 |page=133}}</ref> The cathedral, much reduced in size, was completed in 1835.<ref name="ukrssr2"/>

===== Disputed year of foundation =====
Scholarship concerning the foundation of the city has been subject to political considerations and dispute.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459"/><ref name=":4" /> In 1976, to have the bicentenary of the city coincide with the 70th anniversary of the birth of Soviet party leader, and regional native son, [[Leonid Brezhnev]], the date of the city's foundation was moved back from the visit Russian Empress Catherine II in 1787, to 1776.<ref name="ukrainianweek198459">[https://ukrainianweek.com/History/198459 Riding the currents], [[The Ukrainian Week]] (18 August 2017)</ref>

Following Ukrainian independence, local historians began to promote the idea of a town emerging in the 17th century from Cossack settlements, an approach aimed at promoting the city's Ukrainian identity.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Repan |first=Oleh |date=30 January 2022 |title=Memory Politics in Dnipropetrovsk, 1991–2015 |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2022/01/30/memory-politics-in-dnipropetrovsk-1991-2015/ |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=E-International Relations |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book | first1 = Andrii | last1 = Portnov | first2 = Tetiana | last2 = Portnova | chapter = The 'Imperial' and the 'Cossack' in the Semiotics of Ekaterinoslav-Dnipropetrovsk:The Controversies of the Foundation Myth | editor-last=Pil'shchikov | editor-first=I. A. | title=Urban semiotics : the city as a cultural-historical phenomenon | publication-place=Tallinn | date=2015 | isbn=978-9985-58-807-9 | oclc=951558037 | chapter-url = https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Portnov_Andrii/The_Imperial_and_the_Cossack_in_the_Semiotics_of_Ekaterinoslav-Dnipropetrovsk_The_Controversies_of_t.pdf}}</ref> They cited the chronicler of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], [[Dmytro Yavornytsky]], whose ''History of the City of Ekaterinoslav'' completed in 1940 was authorised for publication only in 1989, the era of [[Glasnost]].<ref name="umoloda">''"Літописець Запорозької Січі – Минуло 150 років від дня народження Дмитра Яворницького", Ukraina Moloda, November 2011'', {{in lang|uk}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

==== Growth as an industrial centre ====
[[File:Катеринослав-на-Карті-Шуберта.jpg|thumb|A map of Ekaterinoslav, 1885{{#tag:ref|There is some confusion concerning the date of this map. According to the [[:File:Катеринослав-на-Карті-Шуберта.jpg|image file]] the map is by Schubert and dates from about 1860, but [[:uk:Дніпропетровськ|Ukrainian Wikipedia]] claims that it dates from 1885. The map shows the old (railway) {{ill|Amur Bridge|uk|Амурський міст}} across the river, which was completed in 1884.|group=nb}}]]
[[File:Ekaterinoslav.jpg|thumb|The Main Post Office, 1870]]
[[File:Catherine the Great in Dnipropetrovsk.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Catherine the Great]] monument in Ekaterinoslav (1840–1920{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}). This monument that stood in front of the Mining Institute was replaced by Soviet authorities with one of Russian academic [[Mikhail Lomonosov]].<ref name="oneplace1220130751"/>]]
While into the late nineteenth century the principal business of the town remained the processing of agricultural raw materials,<ref name="ukrssr2"/> there was an early state-sponsored effort to promote manufacture. In 1794 the government supported two factories: a textile factory that was transferred from the town of Dubrovny [[Mogilev Governorate]] and a silk-stockings factory that was brought from the village of Kupavna near Moscow. In 1797 the textile factory employed 819 permanent workers, 378 of whom were women and 115 children. The silk stocking workers, the majority being women, were serfs bought at an auction for 16,000 roubles. Conditions, as Potemkin himself was forced to admit, were harsh, with many of the workers dying from malnutrition and exhaustion.<ref name="ukrssr2"/>

From 1797 to 1802, while serving under the Emperor [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] as the administrative centre of a centre of the [[Novorossiya Governorate#Second establishment|Novorossiya Governorate]], the settlement was officially known as ''Novorossiysk.''<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/><ref name="ukrssr2"/>

Despite the bridging of the Dnieper in 1796, commerce was slow to develop. 1832 saw the establishment of the small Zaslavsky iron-casting factory, the town's first metallurgical enterprise.<ref name="ukrssr2"/> Industrialisation gathered apace in the 1880s with the establishment of the first railway connections.<ref name="ukrainetrek">{{cite web |url=http://ukrainetrek.com/Dnepropetrovsk_city.shtml |title=Ukrainetrek Dnepropetrovsk (City) |publisher=Ukrainetrek.com |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref> Rail construction responded to the enterprise of two men: [[John Hughes (businessman)|John Hughes]], a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] businessman who built an iron works at [[Donetsk|Yuzovka]] in 1869–72, and developed the Donbas coal deposits;<ref name="eugene" /> and the Russian geologist [[Alexander Pol]], who in 1866 had discovered the [[Kryvyi Rih|Krivoy Rog]] iron ore basin, [[Krivbass]], during archaeological research.<ref name="eugene" />

In 1884, a railway to supply [[pig iron]] foundries in Krivoy Rog with Donbass coal crossed the Dnieper at Yekaterinoslav.<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka">{{cite web |title=Historical reference|url=https://adm.dp.gov.ua/pro-oblast/dnipropetrovshina/istorichna-dovidka|website=[[Dnipropetrovsk Oblast]] official website|date=31 July 2020|access-date=16 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref> It proved a spur to further industrial development<ref name="dnipropetrovshina-istorichna-dovidka"/> and to the creation of the new suburbs of [[Nyzhniodniprovskyi District|Amur and Nyzhniodniprovsk]].

In 1897, Yekaterinoslav became the third city in the Russian Empire to have electric trams. The ''Yekaterinoslav Higher Mining School'', today's [[Dnipro Polytechnic]], was founded in 1899.<ref name="hello">[http://www.nmu.org.ua/en/now/rector_greeting/ Message of Greeting from Rector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105222654/http://www.nmu.org.ua/en/now/rector_greeting/|date=5 January 2009}}, University official website</ref> Within twenty years the population had more than tripled, reaching 157,000 in 1904.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Surh |first=Gerald |date=2003 |title=Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27672887 |journal=International Labor and Working-Class History |issue=64 |pages=(139–166). 140 |jstor=27672887 |issn=0147-5479}}</ref> The immigrants flowing into the city were mainly [[Russians in Ukraine|ethnic or cultural Russians]] and [[Jews in Ukraine|Jews]], with the [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainian population]] remaining rural in [[Second Industrial Revolution|this stage]] of the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="Boterbloem0773571736">{{Cite book |last1=Boterbloem |first1=Kees |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nda8n7s8o3oC&dq=Ekaterinoslav+industrial&pg=PA12 |title=Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896–1948 |date=2004 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=0773571736 |page= |language=en}}</ref>

==== The Jewish community and the 1905 pogrom ====
{{See also|1905 Russian Revolution}}
From 1792 Yekaterinoslav was within the [[Pale of Settlement]], the former Polish-Lithuanian territories in which Catherine and her successors enforced no limitation on the movement and residency of their Jewish subjects.<ref>Taylor, Philip S., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OAFO9dJEFIsC&dq=Yekaterinoslav+1815&pg=PA2 Anton Rubinstein: A Life in Music]'', Indianapolis, 2007</ref> Within less than a century, a largely [[Yiddish]]-speaking Jewish community of 40,000 constituted more than a third of the city's population, and contributed a considerable share of its business capital and industrial workforce.<ref name="1107014220Riga">{{Cite book |last1=Riga |first1=Liliana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQcHmuuEK5sC&dq=Ekaterinoslav+industrial&pg=PA139 |title=The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107014220 |page=139 |language=en}}</ref>

Such apparent strength did not protect the community—members of whom had had the unpopular task of collecting government taxes and recruiting young men for the army<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Goldbrot |first=I. |date=1972 |title=The Jews in Ekaterinoslav–Dniepropetrovsk (Pages 21–40) |url=https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ekaterinoslav/eka021.html |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=www.jewishgen.org}}</ref>— from communal violence.<ref name="Yekaterinoslav+Jews+Pogrom">{{Cite book |last1=Klier |first1=John Doyle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3D7CmSOMfIC&dq=Yekaterinoslav+Jews+Pogroms&pg=PA41 |title=Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History |last2=Lambroza |first2=Shlomo |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52851-1 |page=41 |language=en}}</ref> In 1883, three days of rioting destroyed Jewish business, and persuaded many to temporarily leave the city. There was a return of anti–Semitic incitement among the Christian public in 1904, but attacks on community were, at that time, suppressed on the order of a liberal governor.<ref name=":6" />

In the widespread social unrest that followed the 1905 defeat in the [[Russo-Japanese War]], the political life of the city was dominated by the revolutionary opposition (including the Jewish Workers Socialist Party and the [[General Jewish Labour Bund|Bund]])<ref name=":6" /> and by the insurrectionary spirit of the nascent labor movement. The local [[Tsarist autocracy|czarist authorities]] were able to ride out the wave political protests and strikes, in part by playing on division between Jewish workers who predominated as clerks and artisans in the city, and Russian workers employed in the large suburban factories.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Surh |first=Gerald |date=2003 |title=Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27672887 |journal=International Labor and Working-Class History |issue=64 |pages=139–166 |jstor=27672887 |issn=0147-5479}}</ref> There was a wave of anti-Semitic attacks. With the army intervening against Jewish defense groups, about 100 Jews were killed and two hundred wounded.<ref name=":6" />

According to local historian [[Andrii Portnov]], 40% of the local Yekaterinoslav population was Jewish in the years leading up to [[World War I]].<ref name="ukrainianweek109391">{{in lang|uk}} [https://tyzhden.ua/Society/109391 Dnipropetrovsk region. Pragmatic area], [[The Ukrainian Week]] (8 May 2014)</ref>