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===Invertebrates === {{Further|Domestication of bees|Beekeeping|Sericulture}} Two [[insect]]s, the [[silkworm]] and the [[western honey bee]], have been domesticated for over 5,000 years, often for commercial use. The silkworm is raised for the silk threads wound around its [[pupa]]l cocoon; the western honey bee, for [[honey]], and, from the 20th century, for [[pollination]] of crops.<ref name="Aizen Harder 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aizen |first1=Marcelo A. |last2=Harder |first2=Lawrence D. |title=The Global Stock of Domesticated Honey Bees Is Growing Slower Than Agricultural Demand for Pollination |journal=[[Current Biology]] |date=2009 |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=915β918 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.071|pmid=19427214 |s2cid=12353259 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009CBio...19..915A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Potts |first1=Simon G.|display-authors=etal |title=Global pollinator declines: Trends, impacts and drivers |journal=[[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]] |date=2010 |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=345β353 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41621021 |pmid=20188434 |bibcode=2010TEcoE..25..345P |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.292 }}</ref> Several other invertebrates have been domesticated, both terrestrial and aquatic, including some such as ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' fruit flies and the freshwater cnidarian ''[[Hydra (animal)|Hydra]]'' for research into genetics and physiology. Few have a long history of domestication. Most are used for food or other products such as [[shellac]] and [[cochineal]]. The [[phylum|phyla]] involved are [[Cnidaria]], [[Platyhelminthes]] (for [[biological pest control]]), [[Annelida]], [[Mollusca]], [[Arthropoda]] (marine [[crustacea]]ns as well as insects and spiders), and [[Echinodermata]]. While many marine mollusks are used for food, only a few have been domesticated, including [[Loligo|squid]], [[Sepia (genus)|cuttlefish]] and [[octopus]], all used in research on [[animal behaviour|behaviour]] and [[neurology]]. Terrestrial snails in the genera ''[[Helix (genus)|Helix]]'' are raised for food. Several parasitic or parasitoidal insects, including the fly ''[[Eucelatoria]]'', the beetle ''[[Chrysolina]]'', and the wasp ''[[Aphytis (insect)|Aphytis]]'' are raised for biological control. Conscious or unconscious artificial selection has many effects on species under domestication; variability can readily be lost by inbreeding, selection against undesired traits, or genetic drift, while in ''Drosophila'', variability in eclosion time (when adults emerge) has increased.<ref name="GonPrice1984">{{cite journal |last1=Gon III |first1=Samuel M. |last2=Price |first2=Edward O. |title=Invertebrate Domestication: Behavioral Considerations |journal=[[BioScience]] |date=October 1984 |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=575β579 |doi=10.2307/1309600 |jstor=1309600 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Edward-Price-6/publication/240297283_Invertebrate_Domestication_Behavioral_Considerations/links/5d608a0892851c619d720388/Invertebrate-Domestication-Behavioral-Considerations.pdf <!--NOT redundant with DOI-->}}</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=175px> File:Cueva arana.svg|A [[Honey hunting|honey hunter]] in a [[cave painting]] at [[Cuevas de la AraΓ±a]], Spain, c. 8,000β6,000 BC File:Sericuturist.jpg|[[Sericulture|Sericulturalists]] preparing [[silkworm]]s for spinning of the [[silk]] File:02-Indian-Insect-Life - Harold Maxwell-Lefroy - Kerria-Lacca.jpg|The lac bug ''[[Kerria lacca]]'' has been kept for [[shellac]] resin. File:Snails for Sale - Djermaa el-Fna (Central Square) - Medina (Old City) - Marrakesh - Morocco.jpg|[[Snails as food|Snails being sold as food]] </gallery> {{anchor|Plants}}
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