Editing East Village, Manhattan (section)

===Rebranding and cultural scene===
====Initial rebranding====
Until the mid-20th century the area was simply the northern part of the Lower East Side, with a similar culture of immigrant, working-class life. In the 1950s and 1960s the migration of [[Beatnik]]s into the neighborhood later attracted hippies, musicians, writers, and artists who had been priced out of the rapidly gentrifying [[Greenwich Village]].<ref name="EV" />{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=35}}<ref name="Miller 1990">{{cite book | last=Miller | first=Terry | title=Greenwich Village and how it got that way | publisher=Crown Publishers | year=1990 | isbn=978-0-517-57322-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sZ4AAAAMAAJ | access-date=October 2, 2019 }}</ref>{{rp|254}} Among the first displaced Greenwich Villagers to move to the area were writers [[Allen Ginsberg]], [[W. H. Auden]], and [[Norman Mailer]], who all moved to the area in 1951–1953.<ref name="Miller 1990" />{{rp|258}}

A cluster of cooperative art galleries on East 10th Street (later collectively referred to as the [[10th Street galleries]]) were opened around the same time, starting with the Tanger and the Hansa which both opened in 1952.{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=35}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Art: Remember the 50s on 10th St.? |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 | date=December 23, 1977 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/23/archives/art-remember-the-50s-on-10th-st.html | access-date=October 2, 2019}}</ref> Further change came in 1955 when the [[IRT Third Avenue Line|Third Avenue elevated railway]] above the Bowery and Third Avenue was removed.{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=35}}<ref>{{cite web |first=Ralph |last=Katz | title=Last Train Rumbles On Third Ave. 'El' |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 | date=May 13, 1955 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/05/13/archives/last-train-rumbles-on-third-ave-el-an-era-ends-with-final-run-of.html | access-date=October 2, 2019}}</ref> This in turn made the neighborhood more attractive to potential residents; in 1960 ''The New York Times'' reported: "This area is gradually becoming recognized as an extension of Greenwich Village{{nbs}}... thereby extending New York's Bohemia from river to river."{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=35}}<ref name="The New York Times 1960">{{cite web | title='Village' Spills Across 3d Ave |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 | date=February 7, 1960 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/07/archives/village-spills-across-3d-ave-demolition-of-el-opened-the-way-for.html | access-date=October 2, 2019}}</ref>

The 1960 ''Times'' article stated that rental agents were increasingly referring to the area as "Village East" or "East Village".<ref name="The New York Times 1960" /> The new name was used to dissociate the area from the image of slums evoked by the Lower East Side. According to ''The New York Times'', a 1964 guide called ''Earl Wilson's New York'' wrote: "Artists, poets and promoters of coffeehouses from Greenwich Village are trying to remelt the neighborhood under the high-sounding name of 'East Village'."<ref name="EV" /> Newcomers and real estate brokers popularized the new name, and the term was adopted by the popular media by the mid-1960s.<ref name="Mele 2000">{{cite book | last=Mele | first=Christopher | title=Selling the Lower East Side: Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City | publisher=University of Minnesota Press | series=G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-8166-3182-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sewf0r5An-wC | access-date=October 2, 2019 }}</ref>{{rp|ch. 5}} A weekly newspaper with the neighborhood's new name, ''[[The East Village Other]]'', started publication in 1966. ''The New York Times'' declared that the neighborhood "had come to be known" as the East Village in the edition of June 5, 1967.<ref name="EV" />

====Growth====
[[File:66 Second Ave Anderson Theatre.jpg|thumb|200px|The Phyllis Anderson Theater, one of several theaters that were originally Yiddish theaters]]

The East Village became a center of the [[counterculture]] in New York, and was the birthplace and historical home of many artistic movements, including [[punk rock]]<ref name="TimesPunk">{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3DF1231F93BA35755C0A966958260 |title=In Rocking East Village, The Beat Never Stops |first=Karen |last=Schoemer |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |date=June 8, 1990}}</ref> and the [[Nuyorican]] literary movement.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nylatinojournal.com/home/news/latest/another_nuyorican_icon_fades_2.html |title=Another Nuyorican Icon Fades |first=Santiago |last=Nieves |work=New York Latino Journal |date=May 13, 2005|access-date=April 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027010459/http://nylatinojournal.com/home/news/latest/another_nuyorican_icon_fades_2.html|archive-date=October 27, 2007|url-status=dead}}.</ref> Multiple former Yiddish theaters were converted for use by [[Off-Broadway]] shows: for instance, the Public Theater at 66 Second Avenue became the Phyllis Anderson Theater.{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=35}} Numerous buildings on East 4th Street hosted [[Off-Broadway]] and [[Off-Off-Broadway]] productions, including the Royal Playhouse, the Fourth Street Theatre, the Downtown Theatre, the [[La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club]], and the Truck & Warehouse Theater just on the block between Bowery and Second Avenue.{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=36}}<ref name="The New York Times 1960" />

By the 1970s and 1980s the city in general was in decline and nearing bankruptcy, especially after the [[1975 New York City fiscal crisis]].{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=37}} Residential buildings in the East Village suffered from high levels of neglect, as property owners did not properly maintain their buildings.<ref name="Mele 2000" />{{rp|191–194}} The city purchased many of these buildings, but was also unable to maintain them due to a lack of funds.{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=37}} Following the publication of a revised Cooper Square renewal plan in 1986,{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=38}} some properties were given to the Cooper Square Mutual Housing Association as part of a 1991 agreement.{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=38}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Perspectives: The Cooper Square Plan; Smoothing the Path to Redevelopment |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 | date=January 27, 1991 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/27/realestate/perspectives-the-cooper-square-plan-smoothing-the-path-to-redevelopment.html | access-date=September 1, 2019}}</ref>

In spite of the deterioration of the structures within the East Village, its music and arts scenes were doing well. By the 1970s gay dance halls and punk rock clubs had started to open in the neighborhood.{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=38}} These included the [[Fillmore East]] Music Hall (later a gay private nightclub called The Saint), which was located in a movie theater at 105 Second Avenue.{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=38}}<ref name="Miller 1990" />{{rp|264}} The Phyllis Anderson Theatre was converted into Second Avenue Theater, an annex of the [[CBGB]] music club, and hosted musicians and bands such as [[Bruce Springsteen]], [[Patti Smith]], and [[Talking Heads]]. The [[Pyramid Club (New York City)|Pyramid Club]], which opened in 1979 at 101 Avenue A, hosted musical acts such as [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] and [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]], as well as [[drag performer]]s such as [[RuPaul]] and [[Ann Magnuson]].{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=38}} In addition, there were more than a hundred art galleries in the East Village by the mid-1980s. These included [[Patti Astor]] and Bill Stelling's [[Fun Gallery]] at 11th Street, [[Now Gallery]] on 9th Street, as well as numerous galleries on 7th Street.{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=38}}

====Decline====
By 1987 the visual arts scene was in decline.<ref>{{cite web | title=Art Boom Slows In the East Village |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 | date=July 25, 1987 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/25/arts/art-boom-slows-in-the-east-village.html | access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> Many of these art galleries relocated to more profitable neighborhoods such as [[SoHo, Manhattan|SoHo]], or closed altogether.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 27, 1989 |title=The East Village's Art Galleries Are Alive in Soho |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/27/arts/the-east-village-s-art-galleries-are-alive-in-soho.html |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Brazee et al.|2012|p=38}} The arts scene had become a victim of its own success, since the popularity of the art galleries had revived the East Village's real estate market.<ref name="New York Magazine p. 48">{{cite book | title=The Fun's Over: The East Village Scene Gets Burned by Success |work=New York Magazine | publisher=New York Media, LLC | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuQCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA48 | language=en |date=June 22, 1987 | access-date=October 3, 2019 | pages=48–55}}</ref>
[[File:East Village, New York City, 1998.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=|A wall in the East Village in 1998, featuring a mural of two men]]

One club that tried to resurrect the neighborhood's past artistic prominence was Mo Pitkins' House of Satisfaction, part-owned by comedian [[Jimmy Fallon]] before it closed in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |last=Meehan |first=Peter |title=Chopped Liver and Chilies on Avenue A |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/28/dining/reviews/28unde.html |access-date=February 5, 2013 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |date=September 28, 2005}}</ref> A [[Fordham University]] study, examining the decline of the East Village performance and art scene, stated that "the young, liberal culture that once found its place on the Manhattan side of the East River" has shifted in part to new neighborhoods like [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]] in [[Brooklyn]].<ref name="Prochnow 2011 Fall">{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Prochnow, Fall|2011}} |last1=Prochnow |first1=Alexandria Noel |date=Fall 2011 |chapter=The East Village: A Look at the Culture of an East River Neighborhood |chapter-url=http://www.eastriverhistory.webs.com/manhattan/eastvillage.htm |title=Not the Hudson: A Comprehensive Study of the East River |type=blog |publisher=[[Fordham University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233745/http://www.eastriverhistory.webs.com/manhattan/eastvillage.htm |archive-date=December 2, 2013 }} Originally retrieved March 5, 2013.<div style="margin-left:3em">''Not the Hudson: A Comprehensive Study of the East River'' was written and designed by fifteen second-year undergrads from [[Fordham University]]'s Honors Program during the Fall 2011 semester in a course on Trends in New York City at Fordham's Lincoln Center Honors Program under the guidance of Roger G. Panetta, PhD. The project yielded sixty essays.</div></ref> There are still some performance spaces, such as Sidewalk Cafe on 6th Street and [[Avenue A (Manhattan)|Avenue A]], where downtown acts find space to exhibit their talent, as well as the poetry clubs [[Bowery Poetry Club]] and [[Nuyorican Poets Café]].<ref name="Trigger-Magazine 2007 May 8">{{cite journal |last1=Saint George |first1=Mikal |title=Rapture Cafe: Coffee is the New Vodka |url=http://www.triggermagazine.com/archives/2007/05/rapture-cafe-coffee-is-the-new-vodka.html |type=a bygone New New City-based blog-ezine of Liberation Iannillo (born 1975) that promoted New York artists and artist related organizations. It launched November 5, 2004, and ceased around 2009 |journal=Trigger Magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516093131/http://www.triggermagazine.com/archives/2007/05/rapture-cafe-coffee-is-the-new-vodka.html |archive-date=May 16, 2007 }} Originally retrieved April 14, 2008.</ref>