Editing Elections in Sweden (section)

==Electoral system==

===Dates===
Elections to Sweden's [[County councils of Sweden|county councils]] occur simultaneously with the general elections on the second Sunday of September. Elections to the [[municipal council (Sweden)|municipal council]]s also occur on the second Sunday of September. Elections to the European Parliament occur every five years in May or June throughout the entire [[European Union]]; the exact day of the election varies by country according to the local tradition, thus in Sweden they happen on a Sunday.

===Voter eligibility===
[[File:Polling-station-Goteborg-1940.jpg|thumb|Polling station in [[Gothenburg]], [[1940 Swedish general election|1940 general election]]]]To vote in a Swedish ''general election'', one must be:<ref name="voter">{{Official website|https://www.val.se/servicelankar/other-languages/english-engelska.html|name=How to vote}}</ref>
* a Swedish citizen,
* at least 18 years of age on election day,
* and have at some point been a registered resident of Sweden (thus excluding foreign-born Swedes who have never lived in Sweden)

To vote in Swedish ''local elections'' (for the county councils and municipal assemblies), one must:<ref name="voter" />
* be a registered resident of the county or municipality in question and be at least 18 years of age on election day
* fall into one of the following groups:
# Swedish citizens
# Citizens of [[Iceland]], [[Norway]], or any country in the [[European Union]]
# Citizens of any other country who have permanent residency in Sweden and have lived in Sweden for three consecutive years

In order to vote in elections to the European Parliament, one must be at least 18 years old, and fall into one of the following groups:<ref name="voter" />

# Swedish citizens who are or have been residents of Sweden
# Citizens of any other country in the [[European Union]] who are currently residents of Sweden; such citizens, by choosing to vote in European Parliamentary elections in Sweden, become ineligible to vote in European Parliamentary elections in any other EU member state

In general, any person who is eligible to vote is also eligible to stand for election.

Sweden does not disenfranchise prisoners or those with criminal convictions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-20447504|title=Prisoner votes by European country|date=22 November 2019|publisher=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621184820/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-20447504|archive-date=21 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Expat Swedish citizens may however be removed from the polling register if they do not renew their registration every 10 years.

===Voting===
[[File:Ballot-distribution-swedish-election-1936.jpg|thumb|A typical feature of Swedish elections is the handing out of party ballot papers by activists of the different parties outside polling stations on election day. Photo from the [[1936 Swedish general election|1936 election]].]]
[[File:Swedish election ballots 2014.jpg|thumb|Swedish polling station with an assortment of ballots for different parties.]]
Unlike in many countries where voters chose from a list of candidates or parties, each party in Sweden has separate ballot papers. The ballot papers must be identical in size and material, and have different colors depending on the type of election: yellow for Riksdag elections, blue for county council elections and white for municipal elections and elections to the European Parliament.

Sweden uses [[open list]]s and utilizes [[apparentment]] between lists of the same party and constituency to form a ''cartel'', a group of lists that are legally allied for purposes of seat allocation.{{sfn|Cox|1997|p=61}} A single preference vote may be indicated as well.{{sfn|Elections|p=12}}

Swedish voters can choose between three different types of ballot papers. The ''party ballot paper'' has simply the name of a political party printed on the front and is blank on the back. This ballot is used when a voter wishes to vote for a particular party, but does not wish to give preference to a particular candidate. The ''name ballot paper'' has a party name followed by a list of candidates (which can continue on the other side). A voter using this ballot can choose (but is not required) to cast a personal vote by entering a mark next to a particular candidate, in addition to voting for their political party. Alternatively, a voter can take a ''blank ballot paper'' and write a party name on it.{{sfn|Elections|p=7}} Finally, if a party has not registered its candidates with the election authority, it is possible for a voter to manually write the name of an arbitrary candidate. In reality, this option is almost exclusively available when voting for unestablished parties. However, it has occasionally caused individuals to be elected into the city council to represent parties they do not even support as a result of a single voter's vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nyheter24.se/nyheter/politik/729889-jimmy-akesson-kan-tvingas-representera-sd|title=Jimmy Åkesson kan tvingas representera SD|date=25 October 2012}}</ref>

The municipalities and the national election authority have the responsibility to organise the elections. On the election day, voting takes place in a municipal building such as a school. It is possible to do [[early voting]], also in a municipal building which is available in day time, such as a library. Early voting can be performed anywhere in Sweden, not just in the home municipality.

Long-standing Swedish election policy of always displaying the ballot papers for voters to select in public has been criticised as undemocratic and is arguably in contravention of Protocol 1, Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights ([[European Convention on Human Rights|ECHR]]) which stipulates that elections must be ''free'' and ''by secret ballot''. There has been a common practice of masking by selecting multiple ballot papers. In 2014, a German citizen, Christian Dworeck, reported the lack of secrecy to the European Commission<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=3993&artikel=6131583 |title=EU-kommissionen kräver svar om Sveriges val är hemliga nog |last=Radio |first=Sveriges |website=sverigesradio.se |date=2 April 2015 |language=sv |trans-title=EU Commission questions Sweden on the insufficient secrecy of its voting system |access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> and from 2019 ballot papers are selected behind a screen.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=110&artikel=7214917 |title=Skärmar införs i EU valet – EU-valet 2019 |last=Radio |first=Sveriges |website=sverigesradio.se |date=11 May 2019 |language=sv |trans-title=Screens introduced in the EU election |access-date=2019-06-05}}</ref> This measure has now been implemented in Swedish parliamentary and local elections as was seen in the Swedish General Election of 2022 (a picture can be seen in the linked reference).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walsh |first=Michael |date=2022-08-01 |title=Concern potential election day queues may affect voter turnout |language=en |work=Sveriges Radio |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/concern-potential-election-day-queues-may-affect-voter-turnout |access-date=2022-09-15}}</ref>

===Cost of ballot papers===
For the general elections, the State pays for the printing and distribution of ballot papers for any party which has received at least one percent of the vote nationally in either of the previous two elections.  For local elections, any party that is currently represented in the legislative body in question is entitled to free printing of ballot papers.{{sfn|Elections|p=8}}<ref>Choe, Yonhyok. 1997. How to Manage Free and Fair Elections. Göteborg: Göteborg University.</ref>

===Constituencies===
{{See also|National apportionment of MP seats in the Riksdag}}
In Riksdag elections, constituencies are usually coterminous with one of the [[Counties of Sweden|Swedish counties]], though the Counties of [[Stockholm County|Stockholm]], [[Skåne County|Skåne]] (containing [[Malmö]]), and [[Västra Götaland County|Västra Götaland]] (containing [[Gothenburg]]) are divided into smaller electoral constituencies due to their larger populations. The number of available seats in each constituency is based on its number of voters (vis-à-vis the number of voters nationwide), and parties are apportioned seats in each constituency based on their votes in that constituency.{{sfn|Ewing|2010|p=151}}

In County Council elections, individual municipalities—or alternatively groups of municipalities—are used as electoral constituencies. The number of seats on the county council allocated to each constituency, and the borders of these constituencies, is entirely at the discretion of each county council itself. As mandated by Swedish law, nine out of ten seats on each county council are permanent seats from a particular constituency; the remaining seats are [[at-large]] adjustment seats, used to ensure county-wide proportionality with the vote, just as with general elections.{{sfn|Elections|p=7}}

For European parliamentary elections, all of Sweden consists of one electoral district.

===Party list candidate selection===
In Sweden, the seats of the Riksdag are allocated to the parties, and the prospective members are selected by their party.{{sfn|Ewing|2010|p=151}} Sweden uses [[open list]]s and utilizes [[apparentement]] between lists of the same constituency and party to form a ''cartel'', a group of lists that are legally allied for purposes of seat allocation.{{sfn|Cox|1997|p=61}} Which candidates from which lists are to secure the seats allocated to the party is determined by two factors: preference votes are first used to choose candidates which pass a certain threshold,{{sfn|Elections|p=20}} then the number of votes cast for the various lists within that party are used.{{sfn|Cox|1997|p=61}}{{sfn|Särlvik|1983|p=134}}{{sfn|Elections|p=20}} In national general elections, any candidates who receive a number of personal votes equal to five percent or greater of the party's total number of votes will automatically be bumped to the top of the list, regardless of their ranking on the list by the party.  This threshold is similarly five percent for local elections and elections to the [[European Parliament]].{{sfn|Elections|p=16}}

Although sometimes dissatisfied party supporters put forward their own lists, the lists are usually put forward by the parties, and target different constituencies and categories of voters.{{sfn|Särlvik|1983|p=134}} Competition between lists is usually more of a feature of campaign strategies than for effective candidate preferences, and does not bear prominently in elections.{{sfn|Särlvik|1983|p=134}}

Because seats are allocated primarily to the parties and not candidates, the seat of an MP who resigns during their term in office can be taken by a replacement runner-up candidate from their own party (unlike systems such as [[Elections in the United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]], a [[by-election]] is not triggered). In contrast to assigning the seat, resigning is a voluntary action of the MP, meaning that there exists the possibility of MPs resigning from their parties but not their seats and sitting as independents. The system of replacement runner-up candidates also means that the Prime Minister and their potential members of cabinet appear on ballot papers, but surrender their seats to replacement candidates as they are appointed as ministers (holding both posts is not permitted). This allows senior party politicians to assume roles as opposition members of parliament if they lose an election.

===Seat allocation===
Seats in the various legislative bodies are allocated amongst the [[List of political parties in Sweden|Swedish political parties]] proportionally using a [[Sainte-Laguë method#Modified Sainte-Lagu.C3.AB method|modified form of the Sainte-Laguë method]]. This modification creates a systematic preference in the mathematics behind seat distribution, favoring larger and medium-sized parties over smaller parties. It reduces the slight bias towards larger parties in the d'Hondt formula. At the core of it, the system remains intensely proportional, and thus a party which wins approximately 25% of the vote should win approximately 25% of the seats. An example of the close correlation between seats and votes can be seen below in the results of the [[2002 Stockholm municipal election]].

In Riksdag elections, 310 of the members are elected using a [[party-list proportional representation]] system within each of Sweden's 29 electoral constituencies. The remaining 39 seats in the Riksdag are "[[Leveling seat|adjustment seat]]s", distributed amongst the parties in numbers that will ensure that the party distribution in the Riksdag matches the distribution of the votes nationally as closely as possible.{{sfn|Ewing|2010|p=151}} County elections use the same system. All seats on municipal assemblies are permanent; there are no adjustment seats. This can cause the distribution of seats in the municipal assemblies to differ somewhat from the actual distribution of votes in the election.{{sfn|Elections|p=13}} The [[European Parliament]] has 751 permanent seats, 20 of which were [[Apportionment in the European Parliament|allocated]] to Sweden for the [[2019 European Parliament election in Sweden|2019 election]]. After [[Brexit]], an additional seat was allocated for Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.val.se/servicelankar/press/nyheter/nyheter/2019-05-31-european-parliamentary-election-results.html|title=European Parliamentary election results|date=2019-05-31|publisher=[[Election Authority (Sweden)|Valmyndigheten]]}}</ref>

In order to restrict the number of parties which win seats in the Riksdag, a threshold has been put in place. In order to win seats in the Riksdag, a party must win at least four percent of the vote nationally, or twelve percent of the vote in any electoral constituency.{{sfn|Elections|p=13}} County elections use a lower threshold of three percent. For municipal elections, since the elections of 2018 there has been a minimum threshold of two percent in municipalities with only one constituency, and three percent in those with more than one.{{sfn|Statistics|p=14}}

Comparison of vote share vs. share of allocated seats after [[2018 Swedish municipal elections|2018 municipal elections]]:<ref>{{cite web| url=https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/K/rike/valda.html| title=Val till kommunfullmäktige – Valda 2018| publisher=[[Election Authority (Sweden)|Valmyndigheten]]| access-date=2019-07-10| language=sv| archive-date=30 September 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231342/https://data.val.se/val/val2018/slutresultat/K/rike/valda.html| url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan=2 | Party
! Votes (%)
! Seats (%)
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Swedish Social Democratic Party}}|
| [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democratic Party]]
|27.6
|29.5
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Moderate Party}} |
|[[Moderate Party]]
|20.1
|18.9
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Sweden Democrats}} |
| [[Sweden Democrats]]
|12.7
|14.2
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Centre Party (Sweden)}}|
|[[Centre Party (Sweden)|Centre Party]]
|9.7
|12.6
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Left Party (Sweden)}}|
|[[Left Party (Sweden)|Left Party]]
|7.7
|6.4
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Liberals (Sweden)}}|
|[[Liberals (Sweden)|Liberals]]
|6.8
|5.4
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democrats (Sweden)}} |
| [[Christian Democrats (Sweden)|Christian Democrats]]
|5.2
|5.3
|-
|bgcolor={{party color|Green Party (Sweden)}} |
| [[Green Party (Sweden)|Green Party]] 
|4.6
|3.1
|}

===Terms of office===
The assembly members are elected for a fixed term of four years. From 1970 to 1994, terms were three years; before that, normally four. The Riksdag may be dissolved earlier by a decree of the prime minister, in which case new elections are held; however, new members will hold office only until the next ordinary election, the date of which remains the same. Thus, the terms of office of the new members will be the remaining parts of the terms of the MPs in the dissolved parliament.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

The [[unicameral]] Riksdag has never been dissolved by decree. The last time the [[second chamber]] of the old Riksdag was dissolved in this manner was in 1958.

The regional and local assemblies cannot be dissolved before the end of their term.

===Party organization===
While parties have been very careful to maintain their original [[Political party#Types|mass party]] image, party organizations have become increasing professionalized and dependent on the state, and less connected with their [[grass-roots]] members and [[civil society]].<ref name=oxford>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Swedish Politics|editor-first=Jon|editor-last=Pierre|year=2016|isbn=9780199665679|lccn=2015958065|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|chapter=The Party Organizations|first1=Gissur|last1=Elingsson|first2=Ann-Kristen|last2=Kölln|first3=Patrik|last3=Öhberg|pages=169–187|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BskCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169}}</ref><ref name=colossus>{{cite book|title=How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies|editor1-first=Richard|editor1-last=Katz|editor2-first=Peter|editor2-last=Mair|year=1994|isbn=0803979614|lccn=94068658|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|chapter=Party Organizations in Sweden: Colossus with Feet of Clay or Flexible Pillars of Government?|first1=Jon|last1=Pierre|first2=Anders|last2=Widfeldt|pages=332–356|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Lq20h5xJrUC&pg=PA332}}</ref> Party membership has declined to 210,067 members in 2010 across all parties (3.67% of the electorate), from 1,124,917 members in 1960 (22.62% of the electorate).<ref name=oxford/> Political parties can be registered with the support of 1500 electors for Riksdag elections, 1500 electors for EU elections, 100 electors for county council elections, and/or 50 electors for municipal elections.<ref>Electoral law, {{SFS|2005|837|k=2|p=3}}</ref>