Editing Faithless elector (section)

===1788 to 1800: Before the 12th Amendment===
'''3''' – [[1788–89 United States presidential election|1788–89 election]]: three electors, two from Maryland and one from Virginia, did not vote{{efn|Additionally, another elector from Virginia was not chosen because an election district failed to submit returns.}}

'''3''' – [[1792 United States presidential election|1792 election]]: three electors, two from Maryland and one from Vermont, did not vote

'''19''' – [[1796 United States presidential election|1796 election]]: [[Samuel Miles]], an elector from Pennsylvania, was pledged to vote for [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] presidential candidate [[John Adams]], but voted for [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] candidate Thomas Jefferson. He cast his other vote as pledged for [[Thomas Pinckney]]; there was no provision at the time for specifying president or vice president. An additional 18 electors voted for Adams as pledged, but refused to vote for Pinckney.<ref name="Alexander Hamilton by Chernow">Chernow, Ron. ''Alexander Hamilton''. New York: Penguin, 2004. p. 514.</ref> This was an attempt to foil Alexander Hamilton's rumored plan to elect Pinckney as president, and this resulted in the unintended outcome that Adams' opponent, Jefferson, was elected vice president instead of Adams' running mate, Pinckney. This was the only time in U.S. history that the president and vice president have been from different parties, except for [[1864 United States presidential election|1864]] (although in that year, while the president and the vice presidential running mate were from different parties, they ran on one ticket from the same third party), and the only time the winners were from different tickets.

The [[1800 United States presidential election|1800 election]] resulted in a deadlock, as there were no faithless Democratic-Republican electors: they all voted for both Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, forcing the tied decision to the House of Representatives. The Federalist Party would have avoided this problem had they won by pre-arranging for one of their electors from Rhode Island to not vote for their vice-presidential candidate [[Charles Cotesworth Pinckney]], instead voting for [[John Jay]]. The [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twelfth Amendment]] was ratified in 1804 changing the election procedure so that instead of casting two votes of the same type, electors would make an explicit choice for president and vice president.