Editing Flight deck (section)

===Angled<span class="anchor" id="Angled flight deck"></span>===
[[File:Cvna1nim.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|Animated representation of a [[bolter (aviation)|missed approach]] on angled flight deck, {{sclass|Centaur|aircraft carrier|4}} showing how the offset recovery area allows for simultaneous launch and recovery operations.]]
<!--[[Image:Ark Royal R09 from top lauch Buc NAN1-71.jpg|thumb|left|Overhead view of {{HMS|Ark Royal|R09|6}} showing the angled flight deck]] shouldn't have pics on both sides of the text-->

The '''angled flight deck''' was invented by [[Royal Navy]] Captain (later Rear Admiral) [[Dennis Cambell]], as an outgrowth of design study initially begun in the winter of 1944–1945. A committee of senior Royal Navy officers decided that the future of naval aviation was in jets, whose higher speeds required that the carriers be modified to suit their needs.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Aviation |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=0-85045-163-9 |publisher=Frederick Fell, Inc. |publication-place=New York |date=1974 |edition=1st American |page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.denniscambell.org.uk/4663/4690.html |title=The Angled Deck Story |work=denniscambell.org.uk |year=2012 |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070012/http://www.denniscambell.org.uk/4663/4690.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fleetairarmoa.org/fleet-air-arm-oa-history |title=History of Fleet Air Arm Officers Association |work=FAAOA.org |year=2015 |access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Innovation in Carrier Aviation |first1=Thomas C. |last1=Hone |first2=Norman |last2=Friedman |first3=Mark D. |last3=Mandeles |journal=Newport Paper 37 |publisher=Naval War College Press |year=2011}}; abridged findings published as {{cite journal |last1=Hone |first1=Thomas |last2=Friedman |first2=Norman |last3=Mandeles |first3=Mark |title=The Development of the Angled-Deck Aircraft Carrier—Innovation and Adaptation |journal=Naval War College Review |date=20 March 2018 |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=63–78 |url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol64/iss2/5/ |id={{Gale|A255037246}} |jstor=26397200 }}</ref> 

In this type of deck—also called a "skewed deck", a "canted deck", a "waist angle deck", and the "angle"—the aft part is widened, and a separate [[runway]], dedicated to [[landing]], lies at an angle oblique to the centreline.<ref name=SPCflightdeck>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/history/angled-flight-deck |title=The angled flight deck |access-date=22 January 2013 |work=Sea Power Centre Australia |publisher=Royal Australian Navy}}</ref> 

The angled flight deck was designed with the higher landing speeds of jet aircraft in mind, which would have required the entire length of a centreline flight deck to stop.<ref name=SPCflightdeck/> The design also allowed concurrent launch and recovery operations, and allowed aircraft failing to connect with the [[arrestor cable]]s to abort the landing, accelerate, and relaunch (''[[Bolter (aviation)|bolter]]'') without risk to parked or launching aircraft.<ref name=SPCflightdeck/>

[[File:Cvnanim.gif|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Representation of the {{sclass|Nimitz|aircraft carrier|0}} carrier {{USS|Dwight D. Eisenhower|CVN-69|6}} illustrating how increasing the offset angle of a carrier's recovery area allows the use of two catapults during launch and recovery operations.]]
The redesign allowed for several other design and operational modifications, including the mounting of a larger island (improving both ship-handling and flight control), drastically simplified aircraft recovery and deck movement (aircraft now launched from the bow and landed on the angled flight deck, leaving a large open area amidships for arming and fueling), and damage control. Because of its utility in flight operations, the angled deck is now a defining feature of [[STOBAR]] and [[CATOBAR]] equipped aircraft carriers.

The angled flight deck was first tested in 1952 on {{HMS|Triumph|R16|6}} by painting angled deck markings onto the centerline of the flight deck for touch-and-go landings.<ref name=SPCflightdeck/> This was also tested on {{USS|Midway|CV-41|6}} the same year.<ref name="Friedman">{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Norman |title=U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UT7MDTeKj8C&q=carrier+flight+deck+modification&pg=PA188 |year=1983 |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-0-87021-739-5 |page=188}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/ships/carriers/histories/cv41-midway/cv41-midway.html |title=USS Midway CV-41 |work=chinfo.navy.mil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228171944/http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/ships/carriers/histories/cv41-midway/cv41-midway.html |archive-date=December 28, 2008 }}</ref> 

Despite the new markings, in both cases the arresting gear and barriers were still aligned with the centerline of the original deck. From September to December 1952, {{USS|Antietam|CV-36|6}} had a rudimentary [[sponson]] installed for true angled-deck tests, allowing for full arrested landings, which proved during trials to be superior.<ref name="Friedman"/> In 1953, ''Antietam'' trained with both U.S. and British naval units, proving the worth of the angled-deck concept.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/nan/backissues/2000s/2000/ja2000/ppp.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041102054425/http://history.navy.mil/nan/backissues/2000s/2000/ja2000/ppp.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-11-02 |title=Awards }}</ref> {{HMS|Centaur|R06|6}} was modified with an overhanging angled flight deck in 1954.<ref name=SPCflightdeck/> 

The U.S. Navy installed the decks as part of the [[SCB-125]] upgrade for the {{sclass|Essex|aircraft carrier|4}} and SCB-110/110A for the {{sclass|Midway|aircraft carrier|4}}. In February 1955, {{HMS|Ark Royal|R09|6}} became the first carrier to be constructed and launched with an angled deck, rather than having one retrofitted. This was followed in the same year by the [[lead ship]]s of the British [[1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier#Majestic class|''Majestic'' class]] ({{HMAS|Melbourne|R21|6}}) and the American {{sclass|Forrestal|aircraft carrier|4}} ({{USS|Forrestal|CV-59|6}}).<ref name=SPCflightdeck/>