Editing Gateway Arch (section)

==Construction==
The bidding date, originally December 20, 1961, was postponed to January 22, 1962, to clarify the details of the arch construction.{{#tag:ref |This deferral delayed the construction's ultimate completion, which had been slated for St. Louis' bicentennial.<ref name="Brown7"/> |group=lower-alpha}} About 50 companies that had requested the construction requirements received bidding invitations. Extending from $11,923,163 to $12,765,078, all four bids exceeded the engineer estimate of $8,067,000. Wirth had a committee led by [[George B. Hartzog Jr.|George Hartzog]] determine the validity of the bids in light of the government's conditions. Following a meeting with the bidders, the committee affirmed the bids' reasonableness, and Wirth awarded the lowest bidder, MacDonald Construction Co. of St. Louis,<ref name="modernsteel.com"/> the contract for the construction of the arch and the visitor center. On March 14, 1962, he signed the contract and received from Tucker $2.5 million, the city's subsidy for the phase. MacDonald reduced its bid $500,000 to $11,442,418.<ref name="Brown7"/> The [[Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Company]] served as the subcontractor for the shell of the arch.<ref name="Corrigan"/>

In 1959 and 1960, [[Groundbreaking|ground was broken]],<ref name="Borcover">{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/614110842.html?dids=614110842:614110842&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI |title=Gateway Arch: The New Spirit of St. Louis |last=Borcover |first=Alfred |date=June 14, 1969 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=G1 |access-date=December 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hb5X2kf?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share3/pqimage/hnirs103v/201109141815/55045/3451/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in 1961, the foundation of the structure was laid.<ref name="Wick"/> Construction of the arch itself began on February 12, 1963, as the first steel triangle on the south leg was eased into place.<ref name="Corrigan"/> These steel triangles, which narrowed as they rose to the top, were raised into place by a group of cranes and [[derrick]]s.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Gateway Arch in St. Louis Celebrates 30th Anniversary |series=All Things Considered |series-link=All Things Considered |network=[[NPR]] |airdate=October 27, 1995 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-28472622.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105100027/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-28472622.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 5, 2012 }}</ref> The arch was assembled of 142<ref name="LangmeadGarnaut">{{cite book |last1=Langmead |first1=Donald |last2=Garnaut |first2=Christine |title=Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/130 130]–131 |year=2001 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-57607-112-0 }}</ref> {{convert|12|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} [[prefabrication|prefabricated]] stainless steel sections. Once in place, each section had its double-walled skin filled with concrete, [[Prestressed concrete|prestressed]] with 252 [[Rebar|tension bars]].<ref name="Franklin">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/24/archives/st-louiss-arch-is-near-its-topping-out-stage-630foothigh-memorial.html |title=St. Louis's Arch Is Near Its 'Topping Out' Stage; 630-Foot-High Memorial Is to Honor the West's Pioneers Saarinen-Designed Monument Has Stainless Steel Shell |last=Franklin |first=Ben A. |date=October 24, 1965 |newspaper=The New York Times |page=51 |access-date=January 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hbBpP0o?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share3/pqimage/hnirs101v/201109141818/29853/32212/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In order to keep the partially completed legs steady, a scissors [[truss]] was placed between them at {{convert|530|ft|m}}, later removed as the derricks were taken down.<ref name="The Rotarian"/> The whole endeavor was expected to be completed by fall 1964, in observance of St. Louis's bicentennial.<ref name="csmonitor">{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/173592272.html?dids=173592272:173592272&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI |title=Gleaming $11 Million Arch at St. Louis to Mark Gateway to West |date=August 31, 1962 |newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |page=6 |access-date=January 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hbFlhu6?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share4/pqimage/hnirs101v/201109141819/32727/32212/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Soroka">{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/624505592.html?dids=624505592:624505592&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI |title=St. Louis Arch Going Up, Up! |last=Soroka |first=Leo |date=March 15, 1964 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |page=A3 |access-date=January 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hbIcABh?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share4/pqimage/hnirs104v/201109141820/17835/3567/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Brinkman">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bF9cAAAAIBAJ&pg=627,1690227 |title=St. Louis' Gateway Arch To Be Tallest Monument |last=Brinkman |first=Grover |date=August 30, 1964 |newspaper=[[The Vindicator|Youngstown Vindicator]] |page=2 |access-date=January 20, 2011 }}</ref>

Contractor MacDonald Construction Co. arranged a {{convert|30|ft|m|adj=on}} tower for spectators<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oUIqAAAAIBAJ&pg=7665,2927147 |title=St. Louis' Huge Gateway Arch Already Tourist Attraction |date=August 11, 1963 |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Press]] |page=24 |access-date=January 11, 2011 }}</ref> and provided recorded accounts of the undertaking.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qJ0zAAAAIBAJ&pg=7297,1804425 |title=St. Louis Builds 630-Foot Arch |date=August 6, 1963 |newspaper=[[The Spokesman-Review]] |agency=Associated Press |page=18 |access-date=January 11, 2011 }}</ref> In 1963, a million people went to observe the progress, and by 1964, local radio stations began to broadcast when large slabs of steel were to be raised into place.<ref name="James"/> ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]'' photographer [[Arthur Witman|Art Witman]] documented the construction for the newspaper's Sunday supplement ''Pictures'', his longest and most noted assignment.<ref>{{Citation |author1=Campbell, Tracy |title=The Gateway Arch : a biography |date=2013 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-16988-1 }}</ref> He visited the construction site frequently from 1963 to 1967 recording of every stage of progress. With assistant Renyold Ferguson, he crawled along the catwalks with the construction workers up to 190m above the ground.<ref>Gilbert Bailon. (2015). Book and special section commemorate 50 years of the Gateway Arch. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, MO), pp. St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, MO), October 25, 2015.</ref> He was the only news photographer on permanent assignment at the construction, with complete access. He primarily worked with slide film but also used the only Panox camera in St. Louis to create panoramic photographs covering 140 degrees. Witman's pictures of the construction are now housed in the [[State Historical Society of Missouri]].

The project manager of MacDonald Construction Co., Stan Wolf, said that a 62-story building was easier to build than the arch: "In a building, everything is straight up, one thing on top of another. In this arch, everything is curved."<ref name="Wick"/>

===Delays and lawsuits===
[[File:June 1965 Arch Construction.jpg|thumb|Arch construction in June 1965]]
[[File:Arch Construction September 1965.jpg|thumb|Arch Construction September 1965]]
Although an [[actuary|actuarial]] firm predicted thirteen workers would die while building the arch, no workers were killed during the monument's construction.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Gateway Arch: A Reflection of America |date=April 15, 2008 |last=Johnson |first=Christopher |journal=[[Library Journal]] |volume=133 |issue=7 |page=120 |issn=0363-0277 }}</ref> <!-- doesn't belong in this section, need to move elsewhere --> However, construction of the arch was still often delayed by safety checks, funding uncertainties, and legal disputes.<ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/582662522.html?dids=582662522:582662522&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI |title=630-foot High Gateway Arch Is Topped Out |date=October 29, 1965 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=D19 |access-date=December 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hbLkCbW?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share3/pqimage/hnirs101v/201109141821/05072/32216/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Civil rights activists regarded the construction of the arch as a token of racial discrimination. On July 14, 1964, during the workers' lunchtime, civil rights protesters Percy Green and Richard Daly, both members of [[Congress of Racial Equality]], climbed {{convert|125|ft|m}} up the north leg of the arch to "expose the fact that federal funds were being used to build a national monument that was racially discriminating against black contractors and skilled black workers." As the pair disregarded demands to get off, protesters on the ground demanded that at least 10% of the skilled jobs belong to African Americans. Four hours later, Green and Daly dismounted from the arch to charges of "trespassing, peace disturbance, and resisting arrest."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lang |first=Clarence |year=2004 |title=Between Civil Rights and Black Power in the Gateway City: The Action Committee to Improve Opportunities for Negroes (ACTION), 1964–75 |journal=[[Journal of Social History]] |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=725–754 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2IdjjdHBQ8C&pg=PA231 |isbn=978-0-252-07648-0 |doi=10.1353/jsh.2004.0013 |s2cid=143641956 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Moore">{{cite journal |last=Moore |first=Robert J. |date=1994 |title=Showdown Under the Arch: The Construction Trades and the First 'Pattern or Practice' Equal Employment Opportunity Suit, 1966 |journal=[[Missouri Historical Society|Gateway Heritage]] |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=30–43 |url=http://www.doi.gov/diversity/showdown.doc |access-date=January 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226110846/http://www.doi.gov/diversity/showdown.doc |archive-date=December 26, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This incident ''inter alia'' spurred the [[United States Department of Justice]] to file the first [[Disparate treatment#Pattern or Practice Discrimination|pattern or practice]] case against AFL–CIO under [[Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]], on February 4, 1966, but the department later called off the charges.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Wright |first=John Aaron |title=Discovering African American St. Louis: A Guide to Historic Sites |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1pAFXCeGZUC&pg=PA4 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Missouri History Museum]] |location=Saint Louis |isbn=978-1-883982-45-4 |page=4 }}</ref> The 1966 lawsuit was an attempt by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance (OFCC) to desegregate building-trade unions nationwide. Many technical building unions had little or no African-American representation into the mid-1960s. During Lyndon Johnson's presidency, the federal government recognized the need for more integration in all levels of society and started enforcing equal employment opportunity through federally funded job contracts.<ref name=":0" />

In 1964, the Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Company of Warren, Pennsylvania, sued MacDonald for $665,317 for tax concerns. In 1965, NPS requested that Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel remove the prominent letters "P-D-M" (its initials) from a creeper derrick used for construction, contending that it was promotional and violated federal law with regards to advertising on national monuments. Although Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel initially refused to pursue what it considered a precarious venture, the company relented after discovering that leaving the initials would cost $225,000 and after that, $42,000 per month,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newspaperarchive.com/cache/89723979.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/637q729Ek?url=http://www.newspaperarchive.com/cache/89723979.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 11, 2011 |title=Cost Higher Than High Sign, So It Comes Down |date=August 25, 1965 |page=16 |work=[[The Salina Journal]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=November 11, 2011 }}</ref> and the NPS dropped its lawsuit.<ref name="Corrigan"/>

On October 26, 1965, the [[International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers|International Association of Ironworkers]] delayed work to ascertain that the arch was safe. After NPS director Kenneth Chapman gave his word that conditions were "perfectly safe," construction resumed on October 27.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/28/archives/gateway-arch-work-resumed.html |title=Gateway Arch Work Resumed |date=October 28, 1965 |newspaper=The New York Times |page=50 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hbP2FLe?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share4/pqimage/hnirs104v/201109141821/56280/3570/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the discovery of 16 defects, the tram was also delayed from running. The [[Bi-State Development Agency]] assessed that it suffered losses of $2,000 for each day the trains were stagnant.<ref name="Hauck"/>

On January 7, 1966, members of [[AFL–CIO]] deserted their work on the visitor center,<ref name="Hauck"/> refusing to work with plumbers affiliated with [[Congress of Industrial Unions]] (CIU), which represented black plumbers. A representative of AFL–CIO said, "This policy has nothing to do with race. Our experience is that these CIU members have in the past worked for substandard wages."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/617084342.html?dids=617084342:617084342&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI |title=Union Dispute Stops Work on Gateway Arch |date=January 12, 1966 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=3 |access-date=January 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hbTFsF5?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share4/pqimage/hnirs103v/201109141822/31539/3449/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> CIU applied to the [[National Labor Relations Board]] (NLRB) for an [[injunction]] that required the AFL–CIO laborers to return to work. On February 7, Judge [[John Keating Regan]] ruled that AFL–CIO workers had participated in a [[secondary boycott]]. By February 11, AFL–CIO resumed work on the arch, and an AFL–CIO contractor declared that ten African Americans were apprenticed for arch labor. The standstill in work lasted a month.<ref name="Moore"/>

===Topping out and dedication===
[[File:Gateway Arch Plaque.jpg|thumb|The dedication plaque]]
President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and Mayor [[Alfonso J. Cervantes]] decided on a date for the topping-out ceremony, but the arch had not been completed by then. The ceremony date was reset to October 17, 1965; workers strained to meet the deadline, taking double shifts, but by October 17, the arch was still not complete. The chairman of the ceremony anticipated the ceremony to be held on October 30, a Saturday, to allow 1,500 schoolchildren, whose signatures were to be placed in a time capsule, to attend. Ultimately, PDM set the ceremony date to October 28.<ref name="Corrigan"/>

The time capsule, containing the signatures of 762,000 students and others, was welded into the [[Keystone (architecture)|keystone]] before the final piece was set in place.<ref name="Leonard">{{cite news |url=http://more.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/special/gatewayarch.nsf/0/debc4c57af47bb18862570a000118e67 |title=Wow! At 40, shining Arch still is beacon to visitors |last=Leonard |first=Mary Delach |date=October 19, 2005 |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |access-date=December 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5uyos5oDb?url=http://more.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/special/gatewayarch.nsf/0/debc4c57af47bb18862570a000118e67 |archive-date=December 14, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On October 28, the arch was [[topping out|topped out]] as then [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Hubert Humphrey]] observed from a helicopter.<ref name="Bryant"/> A Catholic priest and a rabbi prayed over the keystone,<ref name="Duffy">{{cite news |url=http://docs.newsbank.com/s/InfoWeb/aggdocs/AWNB/0FF768D6E1A3AE98/0D7C12F5A8A2A86A |title=Gateway Arch Is a Monument to Smith's Good Idea, Saarinen's Design |last=Duffy |first=Robert W. |date=December 14, 2003 |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |page=30 |access-date=January 7, 2011 |issn=1930-9600 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707221028/http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date%3AD&p_product=AWNB&p_text_direct-0=document_id%3D%28%200FF768D6E1A3AE98%20%29&p_docid=0FF768D6E1A3AE98&p_theme=aggdocs&p_queryname=0FF768D6E1A3AE98&f_openurl=yes&p |archive-date=July 7, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a {{convert|10|ST|t|adj=on}}, {{convert|8|ft|m|adj=mid|-long|spell=in}} triangular section.<ref name="Courant">{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/923570112.html?dids=923570112:923570112&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI |title=Completion of Gateway Arch Hailed |date=October 29, 1965 |newspaper=[[The Hartford Courant]] |page=22 |access-date=December 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hbX8nqO?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share4/pqimage/hnirs104v/201109141824/00446/3576/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was slated to be inserted at 10:00&nbsp;a.m. [[Central Time Zone (North America)|local time]] but was done 30 minutes early<ref name="Duffy"/> because [[thermal expansion]] had constricted the {{convert|8.5|ft|m|adj=on}} gap at the top<ref name="Courant"/> by {{convert|5|in|cm}}.<ref name="Bryant"/> To mitigate this, workers used fire hoses to spray water on the surface of the south leg to cool it down<ref name="Tribune"/> and make it contract.<ref name="Bryant"/> The keystone was inserted in 13 minutes<ref name="Duffy"/> with only {{convert|6|in|cm}} remaining. For the next section, a [[hydraulic jack]] had to pry apart the legs {{convert|6 |ft|m|spell=in}}. The last section was left only {{convert|2.5|ft|m}}.<ref name="Courant"/> By noon, the keystone was secured.<ref name="Duffy"/> Some filmmakers, in hope that the two legs would not meet, had chronicled every phase of construction.<ref name="Dillon">{{cite news |title=Big Bend; Gateway Arch Remains One of America's Most Inspirational Monuments |last=Dillon |first=David |date=August 8, 2001 |work=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |page=12C }}</ref>

The Gateway Arch was expected to open to the public by 1964, but in 1967 the public relations agency stopped forecasting the opening date.<ref name="Hauck">{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/117691539.html?dids=117691539:117691539&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI |title=The St. Louis Blues: Will They Ever Finish That Gateway Arch? |last=Hauck |first=Philip C. |date=July 14, 1967 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |page=1 |access-date=December 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hbZjVcB?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share3/pqimage/hnirs103v/201109141824/39052/3458/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The arch's visitor center opened on June 10, 1967, and the tram began operating on July 24.<ref name="Arch timeline"/>

The arch was dedicated by Humphrey on May 25, 1968.<ref name="Offer">{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/961164912.html?dids=961164912:961164912&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI |title=Lofty Gateway Arch Dedicated And Hailed by HHH in St. Louis |last=Offer |first=Dave |date=May 26, 1968 |newspaper=[[The Hartford Courant]] |page=12A |access-date=January 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61hbd4Ekm?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share3/pqimage/hnirs104v/201109141825/26513/3568/out.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He declared that the arch was "a soaring curve in the sky that links the rich heritage of yesterday with the richer future of tomorrow"<ref name="Sarasota"/> and brings a "new purpose" and a "new sense of urgency to wipe out every slum." "Whatever is shoddy, whatever is ugly, whatever is waste, whatever is false, will be measured and condemned" in comparison to the Gateway Arch. About 250,000 people were expected to attend, but rain canceled the outdoor activities.<ref name="Offer"/> The ceremony had to be transferred into the visitor center.<ref name="Sarasota"/>{{#tag:ref |When [[Stuart Udall]], then [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]], discussed the story of the arch, an African American person rose and hollered, "[Y]ou're all racists&nbsp; ... we want jobs, not arches."<ref name="Offer"/> Behind him, a man wearing a veteran's hat jostled him,<ref name="Sarasota">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EjwgAAAAIBAJ&pg=7151,6353989 |title=A Little Sun For Humphrey |date=May 26, 1968 |newspaper=[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]] |page=10A |access-date=January 7, 2011 }}</ref> and [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] personnel removed him from the room. Udall resumed his speech, unperturbed.<ref name="Offer"/> |group=lower-alpha}} After the dedication, Humphrey crouched beneath an exit as he waited for the rain to subside so he could walk to his vehicle.<ref name="Offer"/>

===After completion===
The project did not provide 5,000 jobs as expected—as of June 1964, workers numbered fewer than 100. The project did, however, incentivize other riverfront restoration efforts, totaling $150&nbsp;million. Building projects included a [[Busch Memorial Stadium|50,000-seat sports stadium]], a 30-story hotel, several office towers, four parking garages, and an apartment complex.<ref name="James"/> The idea of a Disneyland amusement park that included "synthetic riverboat attractions" was considered but later abandoned.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/18/archives/architecture-fitting-site-american-institute-of-architects-meets-in.html |title=Architecture: Fitting Site; American Institute of Architects Meets in St. Louis, a Changing City |last=Huxtable |first=Ada Louise |date=June 18, 1964 |work=The New York Times |page=32 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61j2UiODv?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share3/pqimage/hnirs103v/201109151659/51984/4923/out.pdf |archive-date=September 15, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/02/04/archives/st-louis-success-architecture.html |title=St. Louis Success; Architecture |last=Huxtable |first=Ada Louise |date=February 4, 1968 |work=The New York Times |page=D33 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/61j3Ny0iG?url=http://hn.bigchalk.com/pqdocs/share4/pqimage/hnirs103v/201109151704/12798/4925/out.pdf |archive-date=September 15, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The developers hoped to use the arch as a commercial catalyst, attracting visitors who would use their services.<ref name="James"/> One estimate found that since the 1960s, the arch has incited almost $503 million worth of construction.<ref name="McGuire"/>

In June 1976, the memorial was finalized by federal allocations—"the statue of Thomas Jefferson was unveiled, the Museum of Westward Expansion was previewed, a theater under the Arch was dedicated in honor of Mayor Raymond Tucker and the catenary-like curving staircases from the Arch down to the levee were built."<ref name="Corrigan"/>