Editing Gothic Revival architecture (section)

==Romanticism and nationalism==
[[File:Rouen France Palais-de-justice-03.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|Gothic façade of the [[Parlement de Rouen]] in France, built between 1499 and 1508, which inspired neo-Gothic revival in the 19th century]]

French neo-Gothic had its roots in the French [[Gothic architecture|medieval Gothic architecture]], where it was created in the 12th century. Gothic architecture was sometimes known during the medieval period as the "Opus Francigenum", (the "French Art"). French scholar [[Alexandre de Laborde]] wrote in 1816 that "Gothic architecture has beauties of its own",{{sfn|Bartlett|2001|p=15}} which marked the beginning of the Gothic Revival in France. Starting in 1828, Alexandre Brogniart, the director of the [[Sèvres porcelain|Sèvres porcelain manufactory]], produced fired enamel paintings on large panes of plate glass, for [[Louis-Philippe of France|King Louis-Philippe]]'s [[Chapelle royale de Dreux]], an important early French commission in Gothic taste,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chapelle-royale-dreux.com/en/page-accueil|title=History of the Chapel Royal at Dreux|publisher=Chapelle Royale a Dreux Official Site|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> preceded mainly by some Gothic features in a few ''[[jardin paysager|jardins paysagers]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gothein |first=Marie-Luise |title=History of Garden Art – Jardin Anglo-Chinois |url=https://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/library_online_ebooks/ml_gothein_history_garden_art_design/jardin_anglo_chinois |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=www.gardenvisit.com |publisher=The Landscape Guide}}</ref>

[[File:P1020476 Paris VII Basilique Saint-Clotilde rwk.JPG|thumb|upright=1|[[Sainte-Clotilde, Paris|Sainte-Clotilde Basilica]] completed in 1857, Paris]]

The French Gothic Revival was set on more sound intellectual footings by a pioneer, [[Arcisse de Caumont]], who founded the Societé des Antiquaires de Normandie at a time when ''antiquaire'' still meant a connoisseur of antiquities, and who published his great work on architecture in French Normandy in 1830.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondes-normands.caen.fr/angleterre/archeo/normandie/mdn/index.htm|title=Collections of the Musée de Normandie|publisher=Normandy Museum|website=mondes-normands.caen.fr|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> The following year [[Victor Hugo]]'s historical romance novel ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]'' appeared, in which the great [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Gothic cathedral of Paris]] was at once a setting and a protagonist in a hugely popular work of fiction. Hugo intended his book to awaken a concern for the surviving Gothic architecture left in Europe, however, rather than to initiate a craze for neo-Gothic in contemporary life.{{sfn|Lowenthal|2015|p=416}} In the same year that ''Notre-Dame de Paris'' appeared, the new restored [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon]] monarchy established an office in the Royal French Government of Inspector-General of Ancient Monuments, a post which was filled in 1833 by [[Prosper Mérimée]], who became the secretary of a new Commission des Monuments Historiques in 1837.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/jul/07/architecture.art|title=An inspector calls|first=Julian|last=Barnes|work=The Guardian|date=7 July 2007}}</ref> This was the Commission that instructed [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]] to report on the condition of the [[Abbey of Vézelay]] in 1840.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01850-X.html|title=Memory and Modernity: Viollet-le-Duc at Vézelay|first=Kevin|last=Murphy|publisher=Penn State University Press|website=www.psupress.org|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> Following this, Viollet le Duc set out to restore most of the symbolic buildings in France including Notre Dame de Paris,{{sfn|Midant|2002|p=54}} Vézelay,{{sfn|Midant|2002|p=19}} [[Cité de Carcassonne|Carcassonne]],{{sfn|Midant|2002|p=96}} [[Roquetaillade castle]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chateauroquetaillade.free.fr/English/Historique%20du%20ch%e2teau%20-Anglais-.html|title=Historique du Château -Anglais-}}</ref> [[Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey]] on its peaked coastal island,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/80/|title=Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> [[Château de Pierrefonds|Pierrefonds]],{{sfn|Midant|2002|p=108}} and the [[Palais des Papes]] in [[Avignon]].{{sfn|Midant|2002|p=96}} When France's first prominent neo-Gothic church{{efn|In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the earlier neo-Gothic Basilica of Notre Dame (1824) belongs to the Gothic Revival exported from Great Britain and the United States. Its architect, James O'Donnell, was an Irish immigrant with no known connections to France.{{sfn|Toker|1991|pp=xviii–xix}}}} was built, the [[Saint Clotilde Basilica|Basilica of Saint-Clotilde]],{{efn|The choice of the canonized wife of King [[Clovis I|Clovis]], the first Christian king of a unified France, held significance for the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon]]s.{{sfn|Menin|1775|p=5}}}} Paris, begun in 1846 and consecrated in 1857, the architect chosen was of German extraction, [[Franz Christian Gau]], (1790–1853); the design was significantly modified by Gau's assistant, [[Théodore Ballu]], in the later stages, to produce the pair of ''flèches'' that crown the west end.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Western-architecture|title=Western architecture – From the 19th to the early 20th century|date=n.d.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Švėkšnos_bažnyčia_vasarą,_church_in_summer_-D_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|The lifting of a ban on the [[Russification#Lithuania and Poland|construction of new Catholic churches]] around 1900 saw a resurgence of church building across Lithuania, such as St John the Apostle in [[Švėkšna]].]]

In Germany, there was a renewal of interest in the completion of [[Cologne Cathedral]]. Begun in 1248, it was still unfinished at the time of the revival. The 1820s "Romantic" movement brought a new appreciation of the building, and construction work began once more in 1842, marking a German return for Gothic architecture. [[St. Vitus Cathedral]] in [[Prague]], begun in 1344, was also completed in the mid-19th and early 20th centuries.{{sfn|Brichta|2014|p=?}} The importance of the Cologne completion project in German-speaking lands has been explored by Michael J. Lewis, ''"The Politics of the German Gothic Revival: August Reichensperger"''. Reichensperger was himself in no doubt as to the cathedral's central position in Germanic culture; "Cologne Cathedral is German to the core, it is a national monument in the fullest sense of the word, and probably the most splendid monument to be handed down to us from the past".{{sfn|Germann|1972|p=152}}

Because of [[Romantic nationalism]] in the early 19th century, the Germans, French and English all claimed the original Gothic architecture of the 12th century era as originating in their own country. The English boldly coined the term "Early English" for "Gothic", a term that implied Gothic architecture was an English creation. In his 1832 edition of ''Notre Dame de Paris'', author Victor Hugo said "Let us inspire in the nation, if it is possible, love for the national architecture", implying that "Gothic" is France's national heritage. In Germany, with the completion of Cologne Cathedral in the 1880s, at the time its summit was the world's tallest building, the cathedral was seen as the height of Gothic architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cologne-Cathedral|title=Cologne Cathedral: History, Artworks, & Facts|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> Other major completions of Gothic cathedrals were of [[Regensburger Dom]] (with twin [[spire]]s completed from 1869 to 1872),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://domplatz-5.de/dom/english/|title=About St. Peter's Cathedral|publisher=Infozentrum Domplatz|website=domplatz-5.de|access-date=6 May 2020|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715211153/http://domplatz-5.de/dom/english/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ulm Münster]] (with a 161-meter tower from 1890)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://structurae.net/en/structures/ulm-cathedral|title=Ulm Minster (Ulm, 1890)|publisher=Structurae|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> and [[St. Vitus Cathedral]] in Prague (1844–1929).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forrest |first=F. G. |title=St. Vitus Cathedral |url=https://www.hrad.cz/en/prague-castle-for-visitors/objects-for-visitors/st.-vitus-cathedral-10330 |access-date=6 May 2020 |website=www.fg.cz |publisher=Prague Castle}}</ref>

[[File:Cologne Germany Exterior-view-of-Cologne-Cathedral-01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Cologne Cathedral]], finally completed in 1880 although construction began in 1248]]

In Belgium, a 15th-century church in [[Ostend]] burned down in 1896. King [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]] funded its replacement, the [[Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk|Saint Peter's and Saint Paul's Church]], a cathedral-scale design which drew inspiration from the neo-Gothic [[Votive Church, Vienna|Votive Church]] in [[Vienna]] and Cologne Cathedral.<ref name=SPSPC-O>{{cite web |url=http://www.oostende.be/product.aspx?id=2369 |title=Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk |language=nl |publisher=City of Ostend |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> In [[Mechelen]], the largely unfinished building drawn in 1526 as the seat of the [[Great Council of Mechelen|Great Council of The Netherlands]]<!--'of THE NETHERLANDS' was the council's official name in 1526, the time of this design-->, was not actually built until the early 20th century, although it closely followed [[Rombout II Keldermans]]'s [[Brabantine Gothic]] design<!--with original drawings but as modified by Keldermans during the early phase-->, and became the 'new' north wing of the City Hall.<ref name=CH1-M>{{cite web |url=http://toerisme.mechelen.be/content/8168 |title=Stadhuis |language=nl |publisher=City of Mechelen |access-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718025255/http://toerisme.mechelen.be/content/8168 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=CH2-M>{{cite web |url=http://inventaris.vioe.be/dibe/relict/3717 |title=Stadhuis met voormalige Lakenhal (ID: 3717) |language=nl |work=De Inventaris van het Bouwkundig Erfgoed |publisher=Vlaams Instituut voor het Onroerend Erfgoed (VIOE) |access-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> In [[Florence]], the [[Florence Cathedral|Duomo]]'s temporary façade erected for the Medici-House of Lorraine nuptials in 1588–1589, was dismantled, and the west end of the cathedral stood bare again until 1864, when a competition was held to design a new façade suitable to [[Arnolfo di Cambio]]'s original structure and the fine [[campanile]] next to it. This competition was won by [[Emilio De Fabris]], and so work on his polychrome design and panels of [[mosaic]] was begun in 1876 and completed by 1887, creating the Neo-Gothic western façade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.museumflorence.com/museum/halls/23-26-museo-dell-ottocento|title=Florence|publisher=Il Grande Museo del Duomo|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>

Eastern Europe also saw much Revival construction; in addition to the [[Hungarian Parliament Building]] in Budapest,{{sfn|Cooke|1987|p=383}} the [[Bulgarian National Revival]] saw the introduction of Gothic Revival elements into its vernacular ecclesiastical and residential architecture. The largest project of the Slavine School is the [[Lopushna Monastery]] cathedral (1850–1853), though later churches such as [[Saint George's Church, Gavril Genovo]] display more prominent vernacular Gothic Revival features.{{sfn|Tuleshkov|2007|p=?}}

[[File:Centre Block and Library of Parliament, Ottawa, West view 20170422 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|[[Parliament Hill|The Canadian Parliament Buildings from the Ottawa River, including Gothic Revival library at rear]], built between 1859 and 1876]]

In Scotland, while a similar Gothic style to that used further south in England was adopted by figures including [[Frederick Thomas Pilkington]] (1832–1898){{sfn|Stamp|1995|pp=108–110}} in secular architecture it was marked by the re-adoption of the [[Scots baronial]] style.{{sfn|Jackson|2011|p=152}} Important for the adoption of the style in the early 19th century was Abbotsford, which became a model for the modern revival of the baronial style.{{sfn|Hitchcock|1968|p=94}} Common features borrowed from 16th- and 17th-century houses included [[battlements|battlemented]] gateways, [[crow-stepped gable]]s, pointed [[Turret (architecture)|turrets]] and [[machicolations]]. The style was popular across Scotland and was applied to many relatively modest dwellings by architects such as [[William Burn]] (1789–1870), [[David Bryce]] (1803–1876),{{sfn|Hull|2006|p=154}} [[Edward Blore]] (1787–1879), [[Edward Calvert (architect)|Edward Calvert]] ({{circa|1847–1914}}) and [[Robert Stodart Lorimer]] (1864–1929) and in urban contexts, including the building of [[Cockburn Street, Edinburgh|Cockburn Street]] in Edinburgh (from the 1850s) as well as the National [[Wallace Monument]] at Stirling (1859–1869).{{sfn|Glendenning|MacInnes|MacKechnie|2002|pp=276–285}} The reconstruction of [[Balmoral Castle]] as a baronial palace and its adoption as a royal retreat from 1855 to 1858 confirmed the popularity of the style.{{sfn|Hitchcock|1968|p=94}}

In the United States, the first "Gothic stile"{{sfn|Buggeln|2003|p=115}} church (as opposed to churches with Gothic elements) was [[Trinity Church on the Green]], New Haven, Connecticut. It was designed by [[Ithiel Town]] between 1812 and 1814, while he was building his [[Federal architecture|Federalist-style]] Center Church, New Haven next to this radical new "Gothic-style" church. Its cornerstone was laid in 1814,{{sfn|Jarvis|1814|p=}} and it was consecrated in 1816.{{sfn|Hobart|1816|p=5}} It predates [[St Luke's Church, Chelsea]], often said to be the first Gothic-revival church in London. Though built of [[trap rock]] stone with arched windows and doors, parts of its tower and its battlements were wood. Gothic buildings were subsequently erected by Episcopal congregations in Connecticut at St John's in Salisbury (1823), St John's in Kent (1823–1826) and St Andrew's in Marble Dale (1821–1823).{{sfn|Buggeln|2003|p=115}} These were followed by Town's design for [[Christ Church Cathedral (Hartford, Connecticut)]] (1827), which incorporated Gothic elements such as buttresses into the fabric of the church. [[St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Troy, New York)|St. Paul's Episcopal Church]] in Troy, New York, was constructed in 1827–1828 as an exact copy of Town's design for Trinity Church, New Haven, but using local stone; due to changes in the original, St. Paul's is closer to Town's original design than Trinity itself. In the 1830s, architects began to copy specific English Gothic and Gothic Revival Churches, and these "'mature Gothic Revival' buildings made the domestic Gothic style architecture which preceded it seem primitive and old-fashioned".{{sfn|Stanton|1997|p=3}}

There are many examples of [[Gothic Revival architecture in Canada]]. The first major structure was [[Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)|Notre-Dame Basilica]] in [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], which was designed in 1824.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.basiliquenotredame.ca/en/history/the-creation-of-the-basilica|title=The creation of the Basilica – La Basilique Notre-Dame|publisher=Notre-Dame|website=www.basiliquenotredame.ca|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> The capital, [[Ottawa|Ottawa, Ontario]], was predominantly a 19th-century creation in the Gothic Revival style. The [[Parliament Hill]] buildings were the preeminent example, of which the original library survives today (after the rest was destroyed by fire in 1916).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parliament-Building-Ottawa-Ontario|title=Parliament Buildings, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> Their example was followed elsewhere in the city and outlying areas, showing how popular the Gothic Revival movement had become.<ref name=Shannon/> Other examples of Canadian Gothic Revival architecture in Ottawa are the [[Victoria Memorial Museum]], (1905–1908),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=4483|title=Victoria Memorial Museum|publisher=Register of Canada's Historic Places|website=www.historicplaces.ca|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> the [[Royal Canadian Mint]], (1905–1908),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Ottawa30.html|title=Royal Canadian Mint Historical Plaque|publisher=Ontario's Historic Plaques|website=www.ontarioplaques.com|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> and the [[Connaught Building]], (1913–1916),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=454|title=Connaught Building National Historic Site of Canada|publisher=Parks Canada
|website=www.pc.gc.ca|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> all by [[David Ewart]].{{sfn|Fulton|2005}}