Editing Grammatical particle (section)

== Hindi ==
There are different types of particles present in [[Hindi]]: emphatic particles, limiter particles, negation particles, affirmative particles, honorific particles, topic-marker particle and case-marking particles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=PARGHI|first=KHUSHBOO|date=2016|title=ON DISTRIBUTION AND SENSES OF THE EMPHATIC PARTICLE hI IN HINDI|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26264771|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=76|pages=93–100|jstor=26264771|issn=0045-9801}}</ref> Some common particles of Hindi are mentioned in the table below:
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
| colspan="4" |Hindi particles
|-
!Type
!Particles
! scope=col style="width: 33%" | Notes
!Sentences
|-
!Emphatic

Particles<ref name=":1" /> 
|
*{{lang|hi|ही}} ({{Transliteration|hi|hī}}) — Exclusive Emphatic Particle
*{{lang|hi|भी}} ({{Transliteration|hi|bhī}}) — Inclusive Emphatic Particle
*{{lang|hi|यूँ}} ({{Transliteration|hi|yū̃}}) — Manner Emphatic Particle
|{{lang|hi|ही}} ({{Transliteration|hi|hī}}) can roughly be translated as "only", "just", "alone" etc<br>{{lang|hi|भी}} ({{Transliteration|hi|bhī}}) can roughly be translated as "also", "too", "can't even" etc
|
# {{lang|hi|बस '''कॉफ़ी ही''' लेके आये?}} ({{Transliteration|hi|bas '''kôfī hī''' leke āye?}})
#* You brought '''just''' coffee?
# {{lang|hi|'''लिख भी''' नहीं सकते?}} ({{Transliteration|hi|'''likh bhī''' nahī̃ sakte?}})
#* You '''can't even''' write?
# {{lang|hi|मैं '''यूँ''' जाऊँगा और '''यूँ''' आऊँगा।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|ma͠i '''yū̃''' jāū̃gā aur '''yū̃''' āū̃gā.}})
#* I'll (instantly) go and (instantly) come back.
|-
!Limiter
Particles
|
*{{lang|hi|मात्र}} ({{Transliteration|hi|mātr}}) — mere
*{{lang|hi|बस}} ({{Transliteration|hi|bas}}) — mere, only
|{{lang|hi|मात्र}} ({{Transliteration|hi|mātr}}) comes before a noun it modifies, and comes after a noun or verb or adverb when the meaning of "just/mere" is conveyed.
|
# {{lang|hi|नारंगी '''मात्र दो''' हैं अपने पास।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|nārangī '''mātr do''' hè̃ apne pās.}})
#* We have '''merely two''' oranges.
|-
!Negation

Particles 
|
*{{lang|hi|नहीं}} ({{Transliteration|hi|nahī̃}}) — Indicative Negation
*{{lang|hi|न / ना}} ({{Transliteration|hi|na / nā}}) — Subjunctive Negation
*{{lang|hi|मत}} ({{Transliteration|hi|mat}}) — Imperative Negation
|{{lang|hi|नहीं}} ({{Transliteration|hi|nahī̃}}) can have multiple positions in the same sentence while still conveying the same meaning. By default, it comes before the main verb of the sentence (or after the verb to emphasise). Usually, it doesn't appear at the end of a sentence and also at the beginning if the sentence starts with a noun.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lampp|first=Claire M.|date=2006|title=Negation in modern Hindi-Urdu: the development of nahII|s2cid=198686698|language=en}}</ref> {{lang|hi|न}} ({{Transliteration|hi|na}}) and {{lang|hi|मत}} ({{Transliteration|hi|mat}}) have rather restricted positions in a sentence and can usually only appear around the verb in subjunctive mood or imperative form, respectively.
|
# {{lang|hi|'''नहीं करना''' चाहिए ऐसा।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|'''nahī̃ karnā''' čāhiye aisā.}})
#* One should'''n't''' do [like] that.
# {{lang|hi|'''ना हो''' ऐसा तो अच्छा हो।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|'''nā ho''' aisā to acchā ho.}})
#* It'll be good if it '''doesn't''' happen [like that].
# {{lang|hi|'''मत''' कर यार !}} ({{Transliteration|hi|'''mat''' kar yār!}})
#* '''Don't''' do it, man!
|-
!Affirmative
Particles
|
*{{lang|hi|हाँ}} ({{Transliteration|hi|hā̃}}) — "yes"<ref>Kalika Bali, "F0 cues for the discourse functions of "hã" in Hindi" https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221486826_F0_cues_for_the_discourse_functions_of_ha_in_Hindi</ref>
*{{lang|hi|जी}} ({{Transliteration|hi|jī}}) — "honorific yes"
*{{lang|hi|जी हाँ}} ({{Transliteration|hi|jī-hā̃}}) — "emphatic yes"
*{{lang|hi|हाँ तो}} ({{Transliteration|hi|hā̃-to}}) — "emphatic yes"
|
|
# {{lang|hi|'''हाँ''' करता हूँ।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|'''hā̃''' kartā hū̃.}})
#* '''Yes''', I (will) do it.
# {{lang|hi|'''जी''' और आप?}} ({{Transliteration|hi|'''jī''' aur āp.}})
#* '''Yes''', and you ('''formal''')?
# {{lang|hi|'''जी हाँ''' करूँगा।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|'''jī hā̃''' karū̃gā.}})
#* '''Yes sure''', I will do it.
# {{lang|hi|अरे '''हाँ तो''' ! किया है मैंने।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|are '''hā̃ to'''! kiyā hai ma͠ine.}})
#* ('''I already said''') '''yes'''! I have done it.
|-
!Honorific 
Particles
|
*{{lang|hi|जी}} ({{Transliteration|hi|jī}}) — "honour giving particle"
|It comes after a noun and gives the noun an honorific value. 
Compare with the honorific particles in Japanese, e.g. {{Nihongo krt|2=さま|3=sama}} and {{Nihongo krt|2=さん|3=san}}.
|
# {{lang|hi|राहुल '''जी''' कैसे है?}} ({{Transliteration|hi|rāhul '''jī''' kaise ha͠i?}})
#* How is '''Mr.''' Rahul?
|-
!Topic Marker

Particles
|
*{{lang|hi|तो}} (to) — "[[topic marker]]"
|{{lang|hi|तो}} is used to mark the topic in the sentence which is often not the same the subject of a sentence. It indicates either presuppositionally shared information or shift in thematic orientation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Montaut|first=Annie|date=2015|title=The discourse particle to and word ordering in Hindi: From grammar to discourse|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01287633|language=en|volume=283|pages=263|publisher=Benjamins }}</ref><ref>Case markers and Morphology: Addressing the crux of the fluency problem in English-Hindi SMT: https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P09-1090.pdf</ref> It has a rather flexible position in a sentence; it always goes after the topic of the sentence, even if that topic contains other particles.
|
# {{lang|hi|नेहा '''तो''' अच्छी है।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|nehā '''to''' acchī hai.}})
#* ['''Speaking of'''] Neha ['''she'''] is good.
# {{lang|hi|तुम अच्छी '''तो''' हो पर उतनी नहीं।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|tum acchī '''to''' ho par utnī nahī̃.}})
#* You '''"sure are"''' good but not that much.
|-
!Question Marker
Particles
|
*{{lang|hi|क्या}} ({{Transliteration|hi|kyā}}) — "question marker"
*{{lang|hi|ना}} ({{Transliteration|hi|nā}}) — "doubt / confirmatory marker"
|The [[Yes–no question|question-marker]] {{lang|hi|क्या}} can come at the beginning or the end of a sentence as its default position but can also appear in between the sentence if it cannot also be interpreted as its non-particle meaning of "what" at a mid position in the sentence.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last1=Bhatt|first1=Rajesh|last2=Dayal|first2=Veneeta|date=2020-01-31|title=Polar question particles: Hindi-Urdu kya|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-020-09464-0|journal=Natural Language & Linguistic Theory|volume=38|issue=4|pages=1115–1144|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11049-020-09464-0|s2cid=213719773|issn=1573-0859|url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{lang|hi|ना}} can only come at the end of a sentence and nowhere else. It conveys that the asker is in doubt or is seeking for a confirmation.<ref>Negation in modern Hindi-Urdu: the development of nahII: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/g158bh795?locale=en</ref>
|
# {{lang|hi|वो गाता है '''क्या'''?}} ({{Transliteration|hi|vo gātā hai '''kyā'''?}})
#* '''Does''' he sing?
# {{lang|hi|ऐसा करना होता है '''ना'''?}} ({{Transliteration|hi|aisā karnā hota hai '''nā'''?}})
#* It should be done like this, '''no'''?
# {{lang|hi|ऐसा करें '''ना'''?}} ({{Transliteration|hi|aisā karē̃ '''nā'''?}})
#* [Are you sure that] we do this? / we are doing this?
|-
!Case Marker 
Particles
|
*{{lang|hi|को}} ({{Transliteration|hi|ko}}) — "[[Dative case|dative]] marker" & "[[Accusative case|accusative]] marker"
*{{lang|hi|से}} ({{Transliteration|hi|se}}) — "[[Ablative case|ablative]] marker" & "[[Instrumental case|instrumental]] marker"
*{{lang|hi|ने}} ({{Transliteration|hi|ne}}) — "[[Ergative case|ergative]] marker"
*{{lang|hi|का}} ({{Transliteration|hi|kā}}) — "[[Genitive case|genitive]] marker"
*{{lang|hi|में}} ({{Transliteration|hi|mē̃}}) — "[[Locative case|locative]] marker" "in / inside"
*{{lang|hi|पे / पर}} ({{Transliteration|hi|pe / par}}) — "[[Locative case|locative]] marker" "on / at"
*{{lang|hi|तक}} ({{Transliteration|hi|tak}}) — "[[Locative case|locative]] marker" "up to, until, as far as"
*{{lang|hi|सा}} ({{Transliteration|hi|sā}}) — "[[Semblative case|semblative]] marker" "like, -ish, -esque"
|The case marking particles require the noun to be declined to be in their oblique case forms. However, these markers themselves (except for one){{Clarify|reason=which one?|date=February 2023}} can inflect and change forms depending on the gender of the noun they modify.<ref>{{Citation|last1=de Hoop|first1=Helen|title=Chapter 12 - Differential Case-Marking in Hindi|date=2005-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008044651650015X|work=Competition and Variation in Natural Languages|pages=321–345|editor-last=Amberber|editor-first=Mengistu|series=Perspectives on Cognitive Science|place=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|access-date=2020-11-16|last2=Narasimhan|first2=Bhuvana|doi=10.1016/B978-008044651-6/50015-X |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1748-5 |isbn=9780080446516 |editor2-last=De Hoop|editor2-first=Helen|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CASE IN HINDI|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267724707|access-date=2020-11-16|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
|Case
|Hindi
|-
|ergative
| {{lang|hi|ने}} ({{Transliteration|hi|ne}})
|-
|accusative
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|hi|को}} ({{Transliteration|hi|ko}})
|-
|dative
|-
|instrumental
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|hi|से}} ({{Transliteration|hi|se}})
|-
|ablative
|-
|genitive
|{{lang|hi|का}} ({{Transliteration|hi|kā}})
|-
|inessive
|{{lang|hi|में}} ({{Transliteration|hi|mē̃}})
|-
|adessive
|{{lang|hi|पे}} ({{Transliteration|hi|pe}})
|-
|terminative
|{{lang|hi|तक}} ({{Transliteration|hi|tak}})
|-
|semblative
|{{lang|hi|सा}} ({{Transliteration|hi|sā}})
|}
|
# {{lang|hi|उस'''ने''' उस'''को''' उस'''से''' मारा।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|us'''ne''' us'''ko''' us'''se''' mārā.}})
#* '''He/she''' hit '''him/her''' with '''it'''.
# {{lang|hi|उस'''का''' है?}} ({{Transliteration|hi|us'''kā''' hai?}})
#* Is it '''his'''?
# {{lang|hi|उस'''से''' निकालो और इस'''पे''' रखो।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|us'''mē̃''' se nikālo aur is'''pe''' rakho.}})
#* Take it out '''from that''' a keep it '''on this'''.
# {{lang|hi|उस'''में''' होगा।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|us'''mē̃''' hogā.}})
#* It must be '''inside it'''.
# {{lang|hi|उस'''पे''' ढालना।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|us'''pe''' ḍhālnā.}})
#* Pour it '''on that'''.
# {{lang|hi|कोई मुझ'''सा''' नहीं।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|koi mujh'''sā''' nahī̃.}})
#* No one's '''like''' me.
# {{lang|hi|चार बजे '''तक''' करना।}} ({{Transliteration|hi|cār baje '''tak''' karnā.}})
#* Do it '''until''' four o'clock.
|}