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Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
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===Flora=== {{See also|Category: Flora of the Rocky Mountains}}{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}} Among [[native plant]]s of the GYE, [[Pinus albicaulis|whitebark pine (''Pinus albicaulis'')]] is a species of special interest, in large part because of its seasonal importance to grizzly bears,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mattson |first1=David |last2=Reinhart |first2=Daniel |date=January 1994 |title=Bear Use of Whitebark Pine Seeds in North America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344047290 |journal=Conference: Proceedings-International Workshop on Subalpine Stone Pines and Their Environment: The Status of Our Knowledge}}</ref> but also because its distribution could be dramatically reduced by relatively minor [[global warming]]. In this case, researchers do not have a good long-term data set on the species, but they understand its ecology well enough to project declining future [[conservation status]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} A more immediate and serious threat to whitebark pines is an introduced [[rust (fungus)|fungal rust]] disease, [[White Pine Blister Rust]] (''Cronartium ribicola''), which is causing heavy mortality in the species. Occasional resistant individuals occur, but in the short to medium term, a severe population decline is expected.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} Estimates of the decline of [[Populus tremuloides|quaking aspen (''Populus tremuloides'')]] on the park's northern range since 1872 range from 50% to 95%.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} The decline has been linked to multiple stressors, such as defoliation by the [[Forest tent caterpillar moth|forest tent caterpillar]] (''Malacosoma disstria''), aspen bark beetles (''[[Trypophloeus populi]]'' and ''Procryphalus mucronatus''), wood-boring beetles such as the [[Saperda calcarata|poplar borer]] (''Saperda calcarata'') and the bronze poplar borer (''Agrilus liragus''), fungal disturbances such as those by the [[Valsa sordida|Cytospora canker]] (''Valsa sordida''), and Climate change related stressors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hogg |first1=E H |last2=Brandt |first2=James P |last3=Kochtubajda |first3=B |date=2002-05-01 |title=Growth and dieback of aspen forests in northwestern Alberta, Canada, in relation to climate and insects |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/x01-152 |journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research |language=en |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=823β832 |doi=10.1139/x01-152 |issn=0045-5067|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Worrall |first1=James J. |last2=Egeland |first2=Leanne |last3=Eager |first3=Thomas |last4=Mask |first4=Roy A. |last5=Johnson |first5=Erik W. |last6=Kemp |first6=Philip A. |last7=Shepperd |first7=Wayne D. |date=March 2008 |title=Rapid mortality of Populus tremuloides in southwestern Colorado, USA |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.071 |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |volume=255 |issue=3β4 |pages=686β696 |doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.071 |bibcode=2008ForEM.255..686W |issn=0378-1127|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Worrall |first1=James J. |last2=Rehfeldt |first2=Gerald E. |last3=Hamann |first3=Andreas |last4=Hogg |first4=Edward H. |last5=Marchetti |first5=Suzanne B. |last6=Michaelian |first6=Michael |last7=Gray |first7=Laura K. |date=July 2013 |title=Recent declines of Populus tremuloides in North America linked to climate |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.033 |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |volume=299 |pages=35β51 |doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.033 |bibcode=2013ForEM.299...35W |issn=0378-1127|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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