Editing Ground-level power supply (section)

==Modern implementations==
===Ansaldo Stream===
The first modern ground-level power supply system to be developed is the [[:it:Stream (trasporti)|Ansaldo Stream]] system. STREAM is an acronym that stands for "'''S'''istema di '''TR'''asporto '''E'''lettrico ad '''A'''ttrazione '''M'''agnetica", meaning "System of Electric Transport by Magnetic Attraction". The system uses a channel in the road made of insulating composite [[fiberglass]] material which contains a flexible copper strip; a vehicle passing over the channel with a special magnetic [[contact shoe]] raises the conductor to the surface, allowing power to flow to the vehicle. Segments of the strip are powered only when a vehicle passes over them. The system was developed in 1994<ref name="Deutsch">{{citation |url=http://elpub.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-1021/dd0303.pdf |pages=209–214 |title=Einsatzbereiche neuartiger Transportsysteme zwischen Bus und Bahn |last1=Deutsch |first1=Volker |year=2003 |publisher=Bergischen Universität Wuppertal}}</ref> and trialed on a public tram line in 1998,<ref name="Baggs" /> which was eventually dismantled in 2012.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.triesteprima.it/cronaca/partono-i-lavori-per-la-rimozione-delle-rotaie-di-stream-in-via-mazzini.html |title=Partono i Lavori per la Rimozione delle Rotaie di Stream in via Mazzini |date=16 February 2012 |website=TriestePrima}}</ref>

===Alstom APS===
[[File:New trams operating in George street Sydney CBD - late December 2019 - 49281061742.jpg|thumb|right|[[CBD and South East Light Rail|Light rail at the Queen Victoria Building, Sydney]], 2019. Vehicles and pedestrians are free to move across the APS rail between the rail tracks, as segments of the rail are powered only when there is a compatible vehicle covering them.]]
[[Alstom APS]] uses a third rail placed between the running rails, divided electrically into 11-metre segments. These segments automatically switch on by radio control only when a tram is passing over them, thereby avoiding any risk to other road users. The tram has two collector shoes, and two segments of rail are active at any given time, to avoid interruption of power when passing between segments. APS was developed by Innorail, a subsidiary of [[Spie Batignolles|Spie Enertrans]] but was sold to [[Alstom]] when Spie was acquired by [[Amec Foster Wheeler|Amec]]. It was originally created for the [[Bordeaux tramway]], which started construction in 2000 and opened in 2003, becoming the first modern commercial ground-level power supply system. From 2011, [[Alstom APS#Other cities|the technology has been used in a number of other cities around the world]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Third-rail trams across the Garonne |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |date=February 1, 2004 |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/third-rail-trams-across-the-garonne.html |access-date=May 2, 2008 |archive-date=April 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426115224/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/third-rail-trams-across-the-garonne.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=alaps>{{cite web |url=https://www.alstom.com/our-solutions/infrastructure/aps-service-proven-catenary-free-tramway-operations |title=APS: Service-proven catenary-free tramway operations |publisher=Alstom |access-date=2020-11-29 |archive-date=2020-11-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129173728/https://www.alstom.com/our-solutions/infrastructure/aps-service-proven-catenary-free-tramway-operations}}</ref>

The French government reports no electrocutions or electrification accidents on any tramway in France from as early as 2003<ref name="accidents-2003-2010">{{citation |url=https://balise.documentation.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/docs/Balise/0065/Balise-0065470/TW_Rapport%20annuel_2010_V2.pdf |title=ACCIDENTOLOGIE DES TRAMWAYS - Analyse des évènements déclarés année 2010 - évolution 2003-2010 |author=Service Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés - Division TramWays |date=November 2011}}</ref> until as recently as December 31, 2022.<ref name="accidents-2003-2010" /><ref name="2010-2020">{{citation |url=https://www.strmtg.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/1_-_accidentologie_tramways_2020_-_strmtg.pdf |title=Accidentologie « tramways » – Données 2020 |author=Service Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés - Division TramWays |date=October 19, 2021}}</ref><ref name="2013-2022">{{citation |url=https://balise.documentation.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/docs/Balise/0065/Balise-0065942/Rapport_annuel_TW_2022_V1.pdf |title=Rapport annuel 2022 sur le parc, le trafic et les événements d’exploitation tramways  |author=Service Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés - STRMTG |date=December 19, 2023}}</ref>

Alstom further developed the APS system for use with buses and other vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railinsider.co.uk/2019/09/26/alstom-transfers-tram-power-supply-technology-to-buses/|title=Alstom transfers tram power supply technology to buses|work=Rail Insider|date=26 September 2019|accessdate=29 November 2020|archivedate=29 November 2020|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129165355/https://www.railinsider.co.uk/2019/09/26/alstom-transfers-tram-power-supply-technology-to-buses/}}</ref> The system has been tested for safety when the road is cleared by [[snowplow]]s, under exposure to snow, ice, salting, and saturated [[brine]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://proceedings-calgary2022.piarc.org/ressources/files/2/IP0063-DUPRAT-E-Full.pdf |title=Compatibility of an in-road Electric Road System with winter service operations |author=Patrick Duprat |publisher=[[PIARC]] |others=Alstom |date=February 11, 2022}}</ref> and for [[Skid (automobile)|skid]] and road adherence safety for vehicles, including motorcycles.<ref name="Cercle-des-Transports-2024-01" /> Alstom will trial its electric road system (ERS) on the public road [[Route nationale 205|RN205]]<reF>{{citation |url=https://www.atmb.com/press_release/atmb-shell-mise-en-service-station-gaz-naturel-liquefie-gnl/ |title=Les aides proposées par ATMB à ses clients légers et lourds pour la décarbonation des transports |date=June 30, 2023 |website=ATMB}}</ref> in the [[Rhône-Alpes]] region between 2024 and 2027.<ref name="Pastre2023">{{citation |url=https://trm24.fr/lancement-du-projet-de-recherche-eroadmontblanc/ |title=L'APS d'Alstom bientôt testé sur les routes |author=Jean-Philippe Pastre |website=TRM24 |date=June 30, 2023}}</ref> The system is expected to supply 500kW of power for electric heavy trucks, as well as power for road utility vehicles and [[electric car]]s<ref name="Cercle-des-Transports-2024-01">{{citation |url=https://www.cercledestransports.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/2024-01-16-cercle_transports_ers_eroadmtboanc_duprat.pdf |title=Présentation du projet eRoadMontBlanc |date=January 16, 2024 |website=Cercle des Transports |author=Patrick Duprat}}</ref> driving at up to {{convert|90|km/h}}.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.eiffage.com/en/media/news/eiffage-energie-systemes-installs-the-substation-for-the-european-eroadmontblanc-demonstrator-for-eiffage-route |title=Eiffage Énergie Systèmes installs the substation for the European eRoadMontBlanc demonstrator |date=March 25, 2025 |website=[[Eiffage]]}}</ref>

===CAF ACR===
[[File:Tram in Luxemburg stad in 2021 3.jpg|thumb|CAF ACR tram, [[Luxemburg]], 2021. The tram is powered between stations by [[supercapacitor]]s charged from the two metal strips between the rails at station stops.]]
[[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles]] (CAF) trialed its [[Acumulador de Carga Rápida]] (ACR) system in 2007 in [[Seville]]. The system is capable of charging from strips on the ground or from overhead wires. Sections of the [[MetroCentro (Seville)|Seville MetroCentro tramway]] around the [[Seville Cathedral]] were converted to the ACR ground-level power supply system. ACR's first commercial installation was aboard Urbos trams supplied to MetroCentro in 2011, allowing the permanent removal of overhead lines around the cathedral.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/sevilla/Adios-catenarias-Catedral_0_466453411.html|title=Adiós a las catenarias en la Catedral|last=Ameneiro|first=A. S.|date=2011-04-05|work=Diario de Sevilla|access-date=July 16, 2018|location=Seville|language=es}}</ref>

Line 1 of the [[Zaragoza tram|Tranvía de Zaragoza]] has also used ACR since its second construction phase was completed in 2013. The use of ACR avoided the installation of overhead lines in the city's historic centre.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/zaragoza-tram-enters-service.html|title=Zaragoza tram Line 1 enters service|date=2011-04-26|work=[[Railway Gazette International]]|access-date=2018-07-16|location=London|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aragondigital.es/noticia.asp?notid=55486&secid=4|title=CAF apuesta por que Zaragoza tenga un metro sin catenarias que funcione con la energía que recargue en las paradas|last=Crespo Roig|first=María|date=2011-01-20|work=aragondigital.es|access-date=July 16, 2018|location=Zaragoza|language=es}}</ref>

ACR was included in the [[Newcastle Light Rail]] in Australia and [[Trams in Luxembourg|Luxembourg's new tram system]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railexpress.com.au/newcastle-light-rail-to-be-australias-first-wire-free-system/|title = Newcastle light rail to be Australia's first 'wire-free' system|date = 19 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aurecongroup.com/projects/transport/newcastle-light-rail|title = Newcastle Light Rail, Australia &#124; Aurecon}}</ref>

===Ansaldo Tramwave===
Derived from [[#Ansaldo Stream|Ansaldo Stream]] and developed by Italian company [[Ansaldo STS]] (which later became Hitachi Rail STS), the Ansaldo TramWave ground-level power supply system successfully entered commercial application in 2017, with the opening of [[Trams in Zhuhai|Zhuhai tram]] Line 1 first phase in China. The tram is the first fully [[low-floor tram]] system adopting ground level power supply technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/151199902_802218 |title=历经磨难 全球首个地面供电的100%低地板现代有轨电车项目终成正果 |date=22 June 2017 | publisher=[[Sohu]] | language=zh |trans-title=After many hardships, the world's first low-floor modern tram project 100% powered by ground electricity has finally come to fruition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217231732/https://www.sohu.com/a/151199902_802218 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=18 July 2024 }}</ref> Later in 2017, [[Western Suburban Line, Beijing Subway|Western Suburb Line]] in Beijing was opened with the same technology from Ansaldo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sohu.com/a/142570005_203914 |title=去颐和园、香山更方便啦！西郊线年底运营，还能和地铁换乘 |date=22 May 2017 | publisher=[[Sohu]] | language=zh |trans-title=It is more convenient to go to the Summer Palace and Xiangshan! Xijiao Line will be operational at the end of the year and can also transfer to the subway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909041559/https://www.sohu.com/a/142570005_203914 |archive-date= 9 September 2023 |access-date=18 July 2024 }}</ref> The technology has been licensed to [[CRRC Dalian]] and all the technologies were transferred to China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zrjc.com/en/news/detail.aspx?id=91 |title=中国首次引进现代有轨电车技术 |date= | website=www.zrjc.com  | language=zh |trans-title=China introduces modern tram technology for the first time |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108205807/http://www.zrjc.com/en/news/detail.aspx?id=91 |archive-date= 8 November 2017 |access-date=18 July 2024 }}</ref>
In 2019, Zhuhai City evaluated whether to dismantle the tram line, after 3 years of operation. As of 2024, CRRC Dalian opposes dismantling, proposing to restart operation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://finance.sina.cn/2024-01-13/detail-inacifek1493958.d.html?from=wap |title=珠海有轨电车：一道揭不掉的城市“伤疤” |date= 13 January 2024 | publisher=[[Sina Corporation]] | language=zh |trans-title=Zhuhai Tram: An Indelible Urban Scar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718133254/https://finance.sina.cn/2024-01-13/detail-inacifek1493958.d.html?from=wap |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=18 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/751153779_120599226 |title=
停运三年！中车大连欲重启运营珠海有轨电车 |date=11 January 2024 | website=www.sohu.com | language=zh |trans-title=After three years of suspension, CRRC Dalian plans to restart Zhuhai tram operation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718132419/https://www.sohu.com/a/751153779_120599226 |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>