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HIV vaccine development
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===Phase III=== ''Preventive HIV vaccines'' There have been no passive preventive HIV vaccines to reach Phase III yet, but some active preventive HIV vaccine candidates have entered Phase III. * In February 2003, [[VaxGen]] announced that their [[AIDSVAX|AIDSVAX B/E]] vaccine was a failure in [[North America]] as there was not a statistically significant reduction of HIV infection within the study population. * AIDSVAX B/E was a component, along with ALVAC, of the [[RV 144]] vaccine trial in Thailand that showed partial efficacy in preventing HIV. The AIDSVAX B/E and ALVAC vaccines targeted the [[gp120]] part of the HIV envelope. The study involved 16,395 participants who did not have HIV infection, 8197 of whom were given treatment consisting of two experimental vaccines targeting [[Subtypes of HIV|HIV types B and E]] that are prevalent in Thailand, while 8198 were given a placebo. The participants were tested for HIV every six months for three years. After three years, the vaccine group had HIV infection rates reduced by about 30% compared with those in the placebo group. However, after taking into account the seven people who already had HIV before getting vaccinated (two in the placebo group, five in the vaccine group) the difference was 26%.<ref name="Rerks-Ngarm2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Kaewkungwal J, Chiu J, Paris R, Premsri N, Namwat C, de Souza M, Adams E, Benenson M, Gurunathan S, Tartaglia J, McNeil JG, Francis DP, Stablein D, Birx DL, Chunsuttiwat S, Khamboonruang C, Thongcharoen P, Robb ML, Michael NL, Kunasol P, Kim JH | display-authors = 6 | title = Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV-1 infection in Thailand | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 361 | issue = 23 | pages = 2209β20 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19843557 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa0908492 | doi-access = free }}</ref> It was discovered that participants receiving vaccines in the RV 144 trial who produced [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] antibodies against the [[V2 loop]] of the [[Envelope glycoprotein GP120|HIV outer envelope]] were 43% less likely to become infected than those who did not, while [[IgA]] production was associated with a 54% greater risk of infection than those who did not produce the antibodies (but not worse than placebo). Viruses collected from vaccinated participants had mutations in the V2 region. Tests of a vaccine for [[Simian immunodeficiency virus|SIV]] in monkeys found greater resistance to SIV in animals producing antibodies against this region. Therefore, further research is expected to focus on creating vaccines designed to provoke an IgG reaction against the V2 loop.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Clues emerge to explain first successful HIV vaccine trial | journal = Nature | first = Ewen | last = Callaway | name-list-style = vanc | date=16 September 2011 | doi = 10.1038/news.2011.541 }}</ref> * In 2020, the phase IIb-III trial {{visible anchor|[[HVTN 702]]}}/"Uhambo" found that ALVAC/gp120/MF59 vaccinations were safe, and caused no harm, but had no efficacy in HIV prevention in [[South Africa]]. Vaccinations with the Uhambo vaccine regimen began late 2016 and stopped early 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/experimental-hiv-vaccine-regimen-ineffective-preventing-hiv |title=Experimental HIV vaccine regimen ineffective in preventing HIV |publisher=NIH |date=3 February 2020 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204053128/https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/experimental-hiv-vaccine-regimen-ineffective-preventing-hiv |url-status=live }}</ref> * In 2020, the Ad26.Mos4.HIV plus adjuvanted clade C gp140 vaccine regimen entered a phase III trial called HVTN 706/"Mosaico". The regimen is a combination of an adenovirus vector vaccine engineered against multiple global strains of HIV, and a protein vaccine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-partners-launch-hiv-vaccine-efficacy-trial-americas-europe|title=NIH and partners to launch HIV vaccine efficacy trial in the Americas and Europe|date=15 July 2019|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]|access-date=23 July 2019|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723131154/https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-partners-launch-hiv-vaccine-efficacy-trial-americas-europe|url-status=live}}</ref> The trial was ended in January 2023 due to ineffectiveness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Experimental HIV vaccine regimen safe but ineffective, study finds |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/experimental-hiv-vaccine-regimen-safe-ineffective-study-finds |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}</ref> ''Therapeutic HIV vaccines'' No therapeutic HIV vaccine candidates have reached phase 3 testing yet.
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