Editing Haptic technology (section)

=== Ultrasound ===
Focused [[ultrasound]] beams can be used to create a localized sense of pressure on a finger without touching any physical object. The focal point that creates the sensation of pressure is generated by individually controlling the phase and intensity of each transducer in an array of ultrasound transducers. These beams can also be used to deliver sensations of vibration,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Culbertson|first1=Heather|last2=Schorr|first2=Samuel B.|last3=Okamura|first3=Allison M.|author3-link=Allison Okamura|date=2018|title=Haptics: The Present and Future of Artificial Touch Sensation|journal=Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems|volume=1|issue=1|pages=385–409|doi=10.1146/annurev-control-060117-105043|s2cid=64963235|doi-access=free}}</ref> and to give users the ability to feel virtual 3D objects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Long|first=Benjamin|date=Nov 19, 2014|title=Rendering volumetric haptic shapes in mid-air using ultrasound: Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2014|url=http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/en/publications/rendering-volumetric-haptic-shapes-in-midair-using-ultrasound(ab22e930-bd9d-4480-a85a-83a33bd9b096).html|journal=ACM Transactions on Graphics|volume=33|page=6|doi=10.1145/2661229.2661257|s2cid=3467880|hdl=1983/ab22e930-bd9d-4480-a85a-83a33bd9b096|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The first commercially available ultrasound device was the Stratos Explore by Ultrahaptics that consisted of 256-transducer array board and a Leap motion controller for hand tracking<ref>{{Cite web |last=Junkie |first=Gadget |date=2020-09-28 |title=STRATOS Explore Mid-Air Haptic Feedback Device |url=https://www.gadgetify.com/stratos-explore/ |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=Gadgetify |language=en-US}}</ref>

Another form of tactile feed back results from active touch when a human scans (runs their finger over a surface) to gain information about a surfaces texture. A significant amount of information about a surface's texture on the micro meter scale can be gathered through this action as vibrations resulting from friction and texture activate [[mechanoreceptor]]s in the human skin. Towards this goal plates can be made to vibrate at an ultrasonic frequency which reduces the friction between the plate and skin.<ref>Basdogan, C.; Giraud, F.; Levesque, V.; Choi, S. A Review of Surface Haptics: Enabling Tactile Effects on Touch Surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Haptics. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers July 1, 2020, pp 450–470.</ref><ref>Scheibert, J., Leurent, S., Prevost, A., & Debrégeas, G. (2009). The role of fingerprints in the coding of tactile information probed with a biomimetic sensor. Science, 323(5920), 1503-1506.</ref>