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Hawala
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=== Horn of Africa === According to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], with the dissolution of Somalia's formal banking system, many informal money transfer operators arose to fill the void. It estimates that such ''hawaladars'', ''xawilaad'' or ''xawala'' brokers<ref name="HMGov" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Monbiot|author-link=George Monbiot|first1=George|title=How did we get into this mess?|date=2016|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-78478-362-4|pages=237β238|edition=First}}</ref> are now responsible for the transfer of up to $1.6 billion per year in remittances to the country,<ref name="CIAhaw">{{Citation |title=The World factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |place=US |contribution-url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2116.html#so |contribution=Somalia |access-date=2011-09-13 |archive-date=2013-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510200259/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ |url-status=dead }}.</ref> most coming from working Somalis outside Somalia.<ref name="CBShaw">{{Citation |url=http://www.somalbanca.org/economy-and-finance.html |publisher=Somal banca |newspaper=CBS |title=Economy & Finance: Hawaladars |access-date=2018-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124192809/http://somalbanca.org/economy-and-finance.html |archive-date=2009-01-24 |url-status=dead }}.</ref> Such funds have in turn had a stimulating effect on local business activity.<ref name="CIAhaw" /><ref name="CBShaw" />
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