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Heat pipe
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=== Thermosyphons === Most heat pipes use a wick to return the liquid from the condenser to the evaporator, allowing the heat pipe to operate in any orientation. The liquid is sucked up back to the evaporator by [[capillary action]], similar to the way that a sponge sucks up water when an edge is placed in contact with a pool of water. However the maximum adverse elevation (evaporator over condenser) is relatively small, on the order of 25 cm long for a typical water heat pipe. If, however, the evaporator is located below the condenser, the liquid can drain back by gravity instead of requiring a wick, and the distance between the two can be much longer. Such a gravity-aided heat pipe is known as a [[thermosyphon#Heat pipes|thermosyphon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1-act.com/thermosyphons/|title=Thermosyphon Heat Exchanger, Cooling Systems & Reboilers by ACT|publisher=Advanced Cooling Technologies}}</ref> In a thermosyphon, liquid working fluid is vaporized by a heat supplied to the evaporator at the bottom of the heat pipe. The vapor travels to the condenser at the top of the heat pipe, where it condenses. The liquid then drains back to the bottom of the heat pipe by gravity, and the cycle repeats. Thermosyphons are diode heat pipes; when heat is applied to the condenser end, there is no condensate available, and hence no way to form vapor and transfer heat to the evaporator. Thermosyphon designs include<ref>{{cite web |date=21 October 2013 |title=Thermosyphon technology for Artificial Ground Freezing (AGF) |url=http://simmakers.com/thermosyphon-technology-ground-freezing/ |website=simmakers.com}}</ref> thermoprobe, [[thermopile]], depth thermosyphon, sloped-thermosyphon foundation, flat loop thermosyphon foundation, and hybrid flat loop thermosyphon foundation. While a typical terrestrial water heat pipe is less than 30 cm long, thermosyphons are often several meters long. The thermosyphons used to cool the Alaska pipe line were roughly 11 to 12 m long. Even longer thermosyphons have been proposed for the extraction of geothermal energy. For example, Storch et al. fabricated a 53 mm I.D., 92 m long propane thermosyphon that carried roughly 6 kW of heat.<ref>{{cite conference |first=T. |last=Storch |display-authors=etal |title=Wetting and Film Behavior of Propane Inside Geothermal Heat Pipes |conference=16th International Heat Pipe Conference |location=Lyon, France |date=May 20β24, 2012}}</ref> Their scalability to large sizes also makes them relevant for solar thermal <ref name="g975">{{cite journal | last1=Khanna | first1=Mohan Lal | last2=Singh | first2=Narinder Mohan | title=Industrial solar drying | journal=Solar Energy | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=11 | issue=2 | year=1967 | issn=0038-092X | doi=10.1016/0038-092x(67)90046-1 | pages=87β89| bibcode=1967SoEn...11...87K }}</ref> and HVAC applications.<ref name="s337">{{cite journal | last=Yellott | first=J. I. | title=Passive solar heating and cooling systems | journal=ASHRAE J.; (Canada) | volume=20 | date=1978-01-01 | issue=1 | url=https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/5132103 | access-date=2024-06-22 | page=}}</ref>
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