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Howler monkey
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===Diet and feeding=== [[File:Ursine howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus arctoide) 2.jpg|thumb|An [[ursine howler]]]] These large and slow-moving monkeys are the only [[folivore]]s of the New World monkeys. Howlers eat mainly top canopy [[leaf|leaves]], together with [[fruit]], buds, [[flower]]s, and [[Nut (fruit)|nut]]s. They need to be careful not to eat too many leaves of certain species in one sitting, as some contain [[toxin]]s that can poison them.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Glander, Kenneth E. | title = Poison in a monkey's Garden of Eden | journal = Natural History |date=March 1977 | pages = 146–151 | volume = 86|url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/7016/77%20Glander%20poison.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Howler monkeys are also known to occasionally raid birds' nests, chicken coops, and consume the eggs.<ref name="BBC Earth News">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8270000/8270801.stm |title=Monkeys 'reject vegetarianism'|last1=Walker |first1=Matt|access-date=3 September 2022|date=30 September 2009|website=Earth News |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> When in smaller groups (up to twelve individuals) and low rainfall (up to {{cvt|2200|mm}}), they are more frugivorous. In larger groups and increased rainfall, frugivory decreases as a result of competition and fast food depletion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dias |first1=Pedro Américo D. |chapter=Diets of Howler Monkeys |date=2015 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_2 |title=Howler Monkeys: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation |pages=21–56 |editor-last=Kowalewski |editor-first=Martín M. |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_2 |isbn=978-1-4939-1960-4 |access-date=2022-11-30 |last2=Rangel-Negrín |first2=Ariadna |editor2-last=Garber |editor2-first=Paul A. |editor3-last=Cortés-Ortiz |editor3-first=Liliana |editor4-last=Urbani |editor4-first=Bernardo}}</ref> As they digest fruit, more than 90% of the fruits' seeds are excreted without damage, which results in seed dispersal and distribution in tropical forests.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cortés-Ortiz |first1=Liliana |chapter=The Taxonomy of Howler Monkeys: Integrating Old and New Knowledge from Morphological and Genetic Studies |date=2015 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1957-4_3 |title=Howler Monkeys: Adaptive Radiation, Systematics, and Morphology |pages=55–84 |editor-last=Kowalewski |editor-first=Martín M. |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-1957-4_3 |isbn=978-1-4939-1957-4 |access-date=2022-12-02 |last2=Rylands |first2=Anthony B. |last3=Mittermeier |first3=Russell A. |editor2-last=Garber |editor2-first=Paul A. |editor3-last=Cortés-Ortiz |editor3-first=Liliana |editor4-last=Urbani |editor4-first=Bernardo}}</ref>
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