Editing Human population planning (section)

==Views on population planning==

===Birth rate reductions===
====Support====

As early as 1798, [[Thomas Malthus]] argued in his ''[[Essay on the Principle of Population]]'' for implementation of population planning. Around the year 1900, Sir [[Francis Galton]] said in his publication ''Hereditary Improvement'': "The unfit could become enemies to the State if they continue to propagate." In 1968, Paul Ehrlich noted in ''[[The Population Bomb]]'', "We must cut the cancer of population growth", and "if this was not done, there would be only one other solution, namely the 'death rate solution' in which we raise the death rate through war-famine-pestilence, etc.”

In the same year, another prominent modern advocate for mandatory population planning was [[Garrett Hardin]], who proposed in his landmark 1968 essay ''[[Tragedy of the commons]]'', society must relinquish the "freedom to breed" through "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon." Later on, in 1972, he reaffirmed his support in his new essay "[[Exploring New Ethics for Survival]]", by stating, "We are breeding ourselves into oblivion." Many prominent personalities, such as [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Margaret Sanger]] (1939), [[John D. Rockefeller]], [[Frederick Osborn]] (1952), [[Isaac Asimov]], [[Arne Næss]]<ref>Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (1998). ''Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism''. NY: New York University Press, {{ISBN|0-8147-3110-4}}</ref> and [[Jacques Cousteau]] have also advocated for population planning.
Today, a number of influential people advocate population planning such as these:

* [[David Attenborough]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article855953.ece | location=London | work=The Times | first=Jonathan | last=Leake | title=Attenborough cut population by half | date=3 August 2003 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508161558/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article855953.ece | archive-date=8 May 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Christian de Duve]], Nobel laureate<ref>{{cite web|author=Lloyd, Robin |date=30 June 2011|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/06/30/laureate-urges-next-generation-to-address-population-control-as-central-issue/ |title=Laureate urges next generation to address population control as central issue|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120410093447/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/06/30/laureate-urges-next-generation-to-address-population-control-as-central-issue/ |archive-date=10 April 2012 | website=Scientific American}}</ref>
* [[Sara Parkin]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kingston.ac.uk/environment/conf_parkin.ppt|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527203213/http://www.kingston.ac.uk/environment/conf_parkin.ppt|url-status=dead|title=Local to Global: Kingston University|archivedate=27 May 2008}}</ref>
* [[Jonathon Porritt]], UK sustainable development commissioner<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/sep/01/environment.farrightpolitics | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Walter | last=Schwarz | title=Crowd control | date=1 September 2004 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116102021/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/sep/01/environment.farrightpolitics | archive-date=16 November 2016 }}</ref>
* [[William J. Ripple]], lead author of the 2017 [[World Scientists' Warning to Humanity|World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crist|first1=Eileen|last2=Ripple|first2=William J.|last3= Ehrlich|first3=Paul R.|author-link3=Paul R. Ehrlich|last4=Rees|first4=William E. |last5=Wolf|first5=Christopher |date=2022 |title=Scientists' warning on population|url=https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/Crist2022.pdf|journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]]|volume=845 |issue=|page=157166 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166|pmid= 35803428|s2cid=250387801 }}</ref>
* [[Crispin Tickell]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13318134.700-the-green-diplomat-sir-crispin-tickell-has-had-adistinguished-diplomatic-career-he-has-also-helped-to-put-climate-changeatthe-top-of-the-worlds-political-agenda-.html|title=Last Word Archive - New Scientist|website=newscientist.com|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019120449/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13318134.700-the-green-diplomat-sir-crispin-tickell-has-had-adistinguished-diplomatic-career-he-has-also-helped-to-put-climate-changeatthe-top-of-the-worlds-political-agenda-.html|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>

The head of the UN Millennium Project [[Jeffrey Sachs]] is also a strong proponent of decreasing the effects of overpopulation. In 2007, Jeffrey Sachs gave a number of lectures (2007 [[Reith Lectures]]) about population planning and overpopulation. In his lectures, called "[[Bursting at the seams (Reith lectures)|Bursting at the Seams]]", he featured an integrated approach that would deal with a number of problems associated with overpopulation and [[poverty reduction]]. For example, when criticized for advocating mosquito nets he argued that child survival was, "by far one of the most powerful ways", to achieve fertility reduction, as this would assure poor families that the smaller number of children they had would survive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2007/lecture1.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412162642/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2007/lecture1.shtml |archive-date=12 April 2009 |title=Bursting at the Seams}}</ref>

====Opposition====
Critics of human population planning point out that attempts to curb human population growth have resulted in violations of [[human rights]] such as [[forced sterilization]], particularly in [[China]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Follet |first1=Chelsea |title=Neo-Malthusianism and Coercive Population Control in China and India: Overpopulation Concerns Often Result in Coercion |date=2020 |publisher=Cato Institute |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26887}}</ref> In the latter half of the twentieth century, India's population reduction program received substantial funds and powerful incentives from Western countries and international population planning organizations to reduce India's growing population. This culminated in "the Emergency," a period in the mid-1970's where millions of people were forcibly sterilized. Violent resistance to forced sterilization led to [[police brutality]] and some instances of [[mass shooting]]s of civilians by police.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupte |first1=Prajakta R. |title=India: "The Emergency" and the Politics of Mass Sterilization |journal=Education About Asia |date=2017 |volume=22 |issue=3 |url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/india-the-emergency-and-the-politics-of-mass-sterilization/}}</ref> Critics also argue that supposedly voluntary population planning is often coerced.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nandagiri |first1=Rishita |title=What's so troubling about 'voluntary' family planning anyway? A feminist perspective |journal=Population Studies |date=2021 |volume=75 |issue=sup1 |pages=221–234 |doi=10.1080/00324728.2021.1996623 |pmid=34902284 |s2cid=245125394 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some also believe that the environmental problems caused by supposed overpopulation are better explained by other factors, and that the goal of human population reduction does not justify the threat to human rights posed by population planning policies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Aseem |title=Overpopulation: The Great Red Herring? |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1992 |volume=27 |issue=38}}</ref>

Other causes for opposition emerge from the feasibility of substantially impacting human population. According to some researchers, even rapid global adoption of a one-child policy would result in a world population exceeding 8 billion in 2050, and in a scenario involving catastrophic mass death of 2 billion people, world population would exceed 8 billion by 2100.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Corey J.A. |last2=Brook |first2=Barry W. |title=Human population reduction is not a quick fix for environmental problems |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=2014 |volume=111 |issue=46|pages=16610–16615 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1410465111 |pmid=25349398 |pmc=4246304 |bibcode=2014PNAS..11116610B |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The Catholic Church [[Catholic Church and abortion|has opposed abortion, sterilization, and artificial contraception]] as a general practice but especially in regard to population planning policies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Saunders|first1=William|title=Church Has Always Condemned Abortion|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55397/the-catholic-church-and-abortion|website=Catholic News Agency|publisher=Arlington Catholic Herald|access-date=20 March 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321081341/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/abortion/catholic-teaching/the-catholic-church-and-abortion/|archive-date=21 March 2017}}</ref> [[Pope Benedict XVI]] has stated, "The extermination of millions of unborn children, in the name of the fight against poverty, actually constitutes the destruction of the poorest of all human beings."<ref name="Vatican.va">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20081208_xlii-world-day-peace_en.html|title=42nd World Day of Peace 2009, Fighting Poverty to Build Peace - BENEDICT XVI|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011230252/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/messages/peace/documents/hf_ben-xvi_mes_20081208_xlii-world-day-peace_en.html|archive-date=11 October 2011}}</ref> The reformed Theology pastor Dr. [[Stephen Tong]] also opposes the planning of human population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ww123.net/redirect.php?tid=4862770&goto=lastpost |title=唐崇荣牧师 圣经难解经文 第二十九讲 诺亚咒诅迦南 - 宗教与信仰 - 旺旺网 给你一片纯净的天空 |access-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053413/https://ww123.net/redirect.php?tid=4862770&goto=lastpost |archive-date=23 March 2017 }} 唐崇荣牧师 圣经难解经文 第二十九讲 诺亚咒诅迦南, Retrieved 22 March 2017.</ref>