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Hutterites
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=== Ukraine === On August 1, 1770, after more than three months of traveling, the group of about 60 persons reached their new home, the lands of Count Rumyantsev at [[Vishenki, Chernihiv Oblast|Vishenka]] in Ukraine, which at this time was part of the [[Russian Empire]].<ref>John A. Hostetler: ''Hutterite Society'', Baltimore 1974, pp. 91-92.</ref> In their new home, the Hutterites were joined by a few more Hutterites who could flee from Habsburg lands, as well as a few [[Mennonites]], altogether 55 persons.<ref>John A. Hostetler: ''Hutterite Society'', Baltimore 1974, pp. 93-96.</ref> When Count Pyotr Rumyantsev died in 1796, his two sons tried to reduce the status of the Hutterites from free peasants ({{Lang|de|Freibauern}}) to that of [[serfdom|serfs]] ({{Lang|de|Leibeigene}}). The Hutterites appealed to [[Tsar]] [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]], who allowed them to settle on crown land in [[Radychiv|Radichev]], some 12 km (7 miles) from Vishenka, where they would have the same privileged status as the [[Russian Mennonite|German Mennonite colonists from Prussia]].<ref>John A. Hostetler: ''Hutterite Society'', Baltimore 1974, p. 100.</ref> Around the year 1820 there was significant inner tension: a large faction of the brothers wanted to end the community of goods. The community then divided into two groups that lived as separate communities. The faction with individual ownership moved to the Mennonite [[Chortitza Colony|colony Chortitza]] for some time, but soon returned. After a fire destroyed most of the buildings at Radichev, the Hutterites gave up their community of goods.<ref>John A. Hostetler: ''Hutterite Society'', Baltimore 1974, pp. 103-104.</ref> Because the lands of the Hutterites at Radichev were not very productive, they petitioned to move to better lands. In 1842 they were allowed to relocate to [[Molotschna]], a Mennonite colony, where they founded the village [[Hutterthal]]. When they moved, the total Hutterite population was 384 with 185 males and 199 females.<ref>John A. Hostetler: ''Hutterite Society'', Baltimore 1974, pp. 104-105.</ref> In 1852 a second village was founded, called [[Johannesruh]] and, by 1868, three more villages were founded: [[Kushchove|Hutterdorf]] (1856), [[Neu-Huttertal]] (1856), and [[Scheromet]] (1868). In Ukraine, the Hutterites enjoyed relative prosperity. When they lived among German-speaking Mennonites in Molotschna, they adopted the very efficient form of Mennonite agriculture that [[Johann Cornies]] had introduced.<ref>John A. Hostetler: ''Hutterite Society'', Baltimore 1974, pp. 105-106.</ref> In 1845, a small group of Hutterites made plans to renew the community of goods, but was told to wait until the government had approved their plans to buy separate land. A group led by the preacher George Waldner made another attempt but this soon failed. In 1859 Michael Waldner was able to reinstate community of goods at one end of Hutterdorf, thus becoming the founder of the [[Schmiedeleut]].<ref name=":1">[https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Dariusleut Dariusleut] at [[Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online]].</ref> In 1860, Darius Walter founded another group with community of goods at the other end of Hutterdorf, thus creating the [[Dariusleut]]. Trials to establish a communal living in Johannisruh after 1864 did not succeed. It took until 1877, after the Hutterites had already relocated to South Dakota, before a few families from Johannisruh, led by preacher Jacob Wipf, established a third group with communal living, the [[Lehrerleut]].<ref name=":1"/> In 1864, the Primary Schools' Bill made [[Russian language|Russian]] the language of instruction in schools; then in 1871 a law introduced compulsory military service. These led the Mennonites and Hutterites to make plans for emigration.<ref>John A. Hostetler: ''Hutterite Society'', Baltimore 1974, p. 112.</ref> [[File:Hutterite migrations in Europe.png|thumb|700px|center|Hutterite migrations in Europe 1526β1874 before their move to North America]]
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