Editing Hyperacusis (section)

==Causes and risk factors==
The most common cause of hyperacusis is overexposure to excessively high [[Decibel#Acoustics|decibel]] ([[sound pressure]]) levels, which can cause [[acoustic trauma]].<ref name="pmid25104073"/> An [[acoustic shock]], which can lead to symptoms such as hyperacusis and ear pain, can also occur after exposure to an unexpected moderately loud to loud noise, even if this does not necessarily result in permanent cochlear damage.<ref name="Noreña 20182">{{Cite journal |last=Noreña |first=Arnaud |date= 2018 |title= An Integrative Model Accounting for the Symptom Cluster Triggered After an Acoustic Shock |journal=Trends in Hearing |volume= 22 |doi=10.1177/2331216518801725 |pmc=6156190 |pmid=30249168 |s2cid= 52815107}}</ref>

Some affected people acquire hyperacusis suddenly as a result of taking ototoxic drugs (which can damage the cells responsible for hearing), [[Lyme disease]], [[Ménière's disease]], [[head injury]], or surgery. Others are born with sound sensitivity or develop [[superior canal dehiscence syndrome]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-08-26 |title=Superior canal dehiscence syndrome: A review |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0385814623001505 |journal=Auris Nasus Larynx |language= en-US |doi= 10.1016/j.anl.2023.08.004 |issn= 0385-8146 |last1= Suzuki |first1= Mitsuya |last2= Ota |first2=Yasushi |last3=Takanami |first3= Taro |last4=Yoshino |first4= Ryosuke |last5= Masuda |first5= Hiroaki |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=113–19 |pmid=37640595 |s2cid=261306199|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Bell's palsy]] can trigger hyperacusis if the associated flaccid paralysis affects the [[tensor tympani]], and [[stapedius]], two small muscles of the [[middle ear]].<ref name="Purves">{{cite book | vauthors = Purves D |title=Neuroscience |date=2012 |location=Sunderland, MA |publisher=Sinauer Associates | isbn= 978-0-87893-695-3 |page=283 |edition=5th}}</ref> Paralysis of the stapedius muscle prevents its function in dampening the oscillations of the [[ossicles]], causing sound to be abnormally loud on the affected side.<ref name="Carpenter">{{cite book | vauthors = Carpenter MB |title=Core text of neuroanatomy |date=1985 |publisher=Williams & Wilkins |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0-683-01455-6 |page= 151 |edition=3rd}}</ref> Age may also be a significant factor, with younger patients exhibiting more severe hyperacusis.<ref name="Musumano-2023" />

Recently, it has been discovered that individuals with one copy of the GJB2 (Cx26) genetic mutation exhibit hearing that is more sensitive than average, akin to hyperacusis. These individuals appear to be at greater risk for damage from noise.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Li-Man |last2=Liang |first2=Chun |last3=Chen |first3=Jin |last4=Fang |first4=Shu |last5=Zhao |first5= Hong-Bo |title=Cx26 heterozygous mutations cause hyperacusis-like hearing oversensitivity and increase susceptibility to noise |journal= Science Advances |date=2023 |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=eadf4144 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adf4144 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=9908021 |pmid= 36753545|bibcode=2023SciA....9F4144L }}</ref>

Some [[psychoactive drugs]] such as [[LSD]], [[methaqualone]], [[benzodiazepine]]s, or [[phencyclidine]] can cause hyperacusis.<ref name="Musumano-2023"/><ref name= "Barceloux 2012 p.">{{cite book |vauthors=Barceloux D |title=Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse : Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, NJ |year=2012 |isbn= 978-1-118-10605-1 |pages= 457, 507, 616}}</ref> An [[antibiotic]], [[ciprofloxacin]], has also been seen to be a cause, known as ''ciprofloxacin-related hyperacusis''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.druginformer.com/search/side_effect_details/Ciprofloxacin/hyperacusis.html |title=Ciprofloxacin Related Hyperacusis | work= FDA Reports |date=2017}}</ref> [[Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome]] is also a possible cause.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Beeley L |title=Benzodiazepines and tinnitus |journal= BMJ |volume=302 |issue=6790 |pages=1465 |date=June 1991 |pmid= 2070121 |pmc=1670117 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.302.6790.1465}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lader M |title=Anxiolytic drugs: dependence, addiction and abuse |journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages= 85–91 |date=June 1994 |pmid= 7919947 |doi=10.1016/0924-977x(94)90001-9 |s2cid= 44711894}}</ref>