Editing Incest (section)

==Prevalence and statistics==
Incest between an adult and a person under the [[age of consent]] is considered a form of [[child sexual abuse]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Child Sexual Abuse: Intervention and Treatment Issues |first=Kathleen C. |last=Faller |publisher=DIANE Publishing |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7881-1669-8 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-SEwHNu_NcC&pg=PA64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Child Sexual Abuse: A Handbook for Health Care and Legal Professionals |first1=Diane H. |last1=Schetky |first2=Arthur H. |last2=Green |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-87630-495-2 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYyzGgZbllYC&pg=PA128}}</ref> that has been shown to be one of the most extreme forms of childhood abuse; it often results in serious and long-term [[psychological trauma]], especially in the case of parental incest.<ref name= Courtois>{{cite book |title=Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy |last=Courtois |first=Christine A. |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |page=208 |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-393-31356-7}}</ref> Its prevalence is difficult to generalize, but research has estimated 10–15% of the general population as having had at least one such sexual contact, with less than 2% involving intercourse or attempted intercourse.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nemeroff |first1=Charles B. |author-link=Charles Nemeroff |last2=Craighead |first2=W. Edward |title=The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-471-24096-9}}</ref> Among women, research has yielded estimates as high as 20%.<ref name= Courtois/>

[[Father]]{{ndash}}[[daughter]] incest was for many years the most commonly reported and studied form of incest.<ref>''[[Aeneid]]'' by [[Virgil]], Book VI: "''hic thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos;''" = "this [man being punished in [[Hades]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> invaded a daughter's private room and a forbidden marital relationship."</ref><ref name=Herman>{{cite book |last=Herman |first=Judith |author-link=Judith Lewis Herman |title=Father-Daughter Incest |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1981 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=[https://archive.org/details/fatherdaughterin00herm_0/page/282 282] |isbn=978-0-674-29506-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/fatherdaughterin00herm_0/page/282 }}</ref>

[[Mother]]{{ndash}}[[son]] incest is rarely reported. According to Catanzarite (1980), between 1965 and 1980 only a handful such cases were documented. Catanzarite attributes this to selection bias and the lack of physical evidence in such cases.<ref>Catanzarite, Valerian A., and Sam Edward Combs. "Mother-son incest." JAMA 243.18 (1980): 1807-1808.</ref> According to Etherington (1997), one of the reasons of the under-reporting of such cases is that men often found difficulty in defining their mother's behavior as abuse.<ref>Etherington, Kim. Maternal sexual abuse of males. Child Abuse Review: Journal of the British Association for the Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect 6.2 (1997): 107-117.</ref> In a clinical study by Olson (1990), 30 men had been victims of incest; the mother was a perpetrator in 61.5 % of cases.<ref>Olson, P. E. (1990). The sexual abuse of boys: A study of the long-term psychological effects. In M. Hunter (Ed.), The sexually abused male: Vol. 1. Prevalence, impact, and treatment (pp. 137 - 152 ) . Lexington, MA: Lexington.</ref> In a clinical study by Kelly et al. (2002), among the 67 sexually abused men, in 17 cases the perpetrators were their mothers.<ref>Kelly, Robert J., et al. "Effects of mother-son incest and positive perceptions of sexual abuse experiences on the psychosocial adjustment of clinic-referred men." Child abuse & neglect 26.4 (2002): 425-441.</ref>

More recently, studies have suggested that [[sibling incest]], particularly older brothers having sexual relations with younger siblings, is the most common form of incest,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldman |first1=R. |last2=Goldman |first2=J. |year=1988 |title=The prevalence and nature of child sexual abuse in Australia |journal=Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=94–106|doi=10.1080/01591487.1988.11004405 }}</ref><ref>Wiehe, Vernon (1997). ''Sibling Abuse: Hidden Physical, Emotional, and Sexual Trauma''. Sage Publications, {{ISBN|0-7619-1009-3}}</ref><ref>Rayment-McHugh, Sue; Ian Nesbit (2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070902110255/http://www.aic.gov.au/conferences/2003-abuse/nisbet.pdf Sibling Incest Offenders As A Subset of Adolescent Sex Offenders]." Paper presented at the Child Sexual Abuse: Justice Response or Alternative Resolution Conference convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology and held in Adelaide, 1–2 May 2003</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Canavan |first1=M. C. |last2=Meyer |first2=W. J. |last3=Higgs |first3=D. C. |year=1992 |title=The female experience of sibling incest |doi=10.1111/j.1752-0606.1992.tb00924.x |journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=129–142 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=H. |last2=Israel |first2=E. |year=1987 |title=Sibling incest: A study of the dynamics of 25 cases |journal=Child Abuse and Neglect |volume=11 |pages=101–108 |doi=10.1016/0145-2134(87)90038-X |pmid=3828862 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Cole |first=E |year=1982 |title=Sibling incest: The myth of benign sibling incest |journal=Women & Therapy |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=79–89 |doi=10.1300/J015V01N03_10}}</ref><ref>Cawson, P., Wattam, C., Brooker, S., & Kelly, G. (2000). [http://www.nspcc.org.uk/inform/research/findings/childmaltreatmentintheunitedkingdom_wda48252.html Child maltreatment in the United Kingdom: A study of the prevalence of child abuse and neglect] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103111326/http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/findings/childmaltreatmentintheunitedkingdom_wda48252.html |date=3 November 2011 }}. London: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. {{ISBN|1-84228-006-6}}</ref><ref>Sibling incest is roughly five times as common as other forms of incest according to Gebhard, P., Gagnon, J., Pomeroy, W., & Christenson, C. (1965). ''Sex Offenders: An Analysis of Types''. New York: Harper & Row.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Sexually Victimized Children |first=David |last=Finkelhor |author-link=David Finkelhor |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-02-910400-2}}</ref> with some studies finding sibling incest occurring more frequently than other forms of incest.<ref>A large-scale study of (n = 3,000) by the UK's National Council for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children found that fathers committed about 1% of child sex abuse, while siblings committed 14%. See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/1026797.stm BBC News Online: Health, Child Abuse Myths Shattered, November, 20, 2000]</ref> Some studies suggest that adolescent perpetrators of sibling abuse choose younger victims, abuse victims over a lengthier period, use violence more frequently and severely than adult perpetrators, and that sibling abuse has a higher rate of penetrative acts than father or stepfather incest, with father and older brother incest resulting in greater reported distress than stepfather incest.<ref>O'Brien, M. J. (1991). "Taking sibling incest seriously." In M. Patton (ed.), ''Family Sexual Abuse: Frontline Research and Evaluation'', pp. 75–92. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Laviola |first=M. |year=1992 |title=Effects of older brother-younger sister incest: A study of the dynamics of 17 cases |journal=Child Abuse and Neglect |volume=16 |pages=409–421 |doi=10.1016/0145-2134(92)90050-2 |pmid=1617475 |issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cyr |first1=M.| last2=Wright |first2=J. |last3=McDuff |first3= P. |last4=Perron |first4=A. |year=2002 |title=Intrafamilial sexual abuse: Brother-sister incest does not differ from father-daughter and stepfather-stepdaughter incest |journal=Child Abuse and Neglect |volume=26 |pages=957–973 |doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00365-4 |pmid=12433139 |issue=9}}</ref> South Africa,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBosAQAAMAAJ&q=%22highest+rate+of+incest%22 | title=Journal of Psychology in Africa (South of the Sahara, the Caribbean, and Afro-Latin America) | year=2003 }}</ref> Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Pakistan, and Nigeria are some of the countries with the most incest through consanguineous marriage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bittles |first1=A. H. |last2=Black |first2=M. L. |title=Consanguinity, human evolution, and complex diseases |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=26 January 2010 |volume=107 |issue=suppl 1 |pages=1779–1786 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0906079106 |pmid=19805052 |pmc=2868287 |doi-access=free }}</ref>