Editing Inline skates (section)

===Development of modern inline skates===

[[File:Scott Olson-Early Rollerblade Prototype-CCM Super Tacks with Super Street Skate-2010-02-11.jpg|thumb|right|220px|CCM Tacks boot riveted to Super Street Skate ca. 1980]]

For two centuries, inventors and entrepreneurs attempted to popularize skates with a single row of wheels. By the end of the 1970s, only Chicago Roller-Blade and Super Sport Skate managed to gain limited adoption for training, within a niche community of ice hockey players. It took Scott Olson, his brothers, his friends, and his company, [[Rollerblade]], to perfect these skates, and to make them enjoyable as mainstream recreation for the general population.<ref name="city-pages-wolf-wheel">{{cite magazine
| author      = Erika Wolf
| title       = Reinventing the Wheel
| url         = http://digitalissue.citypages.com/publication/?i=135676&p=8&view=issueViewer
| magazine    = City Pages
| date        = November 21–27, 2012
| pages       = 8–14
| location    = Minneapolis, MN
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241224151742/https://cdn.coverstand.com/5512/135676/135676.1.pdf#page=8
| archive-date = 2024-12-24
| access-date = 2024-12-24
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|first1=Steve
|last1=Hahn
|title=Steve Hahn interviews Scott Olson ( Rollerblade Founder )
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iaGK-FrN2Y
|website=youtube.com
|publisher=Steven Hahn's YouTube channel
|language=en
|format=video
|date=2012-02-06
|others=Refer to the video transcript for this long interview, a part of the "Hockey in the Park" Series.
}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media
 | people = Paula Schroeder (host)
 | date = 1995-07-31
 | title = Voices of Minnesota: Interview with Scott Olson (Part 1 of 3)
 | type = audio
 | language = en
 | url = https://archive.mpr.org/stories/1995/07/31/voices-minnesota-scott-olson-part-1-3
 | access-date = 2024-12-25
 | transcript=Transcript 1/3 in PDF
 | transcript-url = https://codytranscripts.apmcdn.org/production/9896941368e0d360b5826476023d7373.pdf
 | location = Minnesota
 | publisher = Minnesota Public Radio
}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media
 | people = Paula Schroeder (host)
 | date = 1995-07-31
 | title = Voices of Minnesota: Interview with Scott Olson (Part 1 of 2)
 | type = audio
 | language = en
 | url = https://archive.mpr.org/stories/1995/07/31/voices-minnesota-scott-olson-part-2-3
 | access-date = 2024-12-25
 | transcript=Transcript 2/3 in PDF
 | transcript-url = https://codytranscripts.apmcdn.org/production/e8d38a90a9e6a9040b7960a9b73ec172.pdf
 | location = Minnesota
 | publisher = Minnesota Public Radio
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.inlineplanet.com/History/scottolson.html
|title=Scott Olson
|quote=But I know now, after weeks of research and interviews, that it can't be taken literally, and that much of the popular history of inline skating should, in fact, be rewritten.
|author-first=Robert
|author-last=Burnson
|year=2005
|website=The Inline Planet
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322202300/https://www.inlineplanet.com/History/scottolson.html
|archive-date=2017-03-22
}}</ref>

[[File:Scott Olson-Early Rollerblade Prototype-Lange with Super Street Skate-Mark Lipson-2024-12-17.jpg|thumb|right|330px|Skates used by Mark Lipson and Scott Olson ca. 1980 in a 200-mile marketing trip{{efn-ua|name="MIA-exhibit-notes"}}]]

In 1979, Scott Olson, an ice hockey player, stumbled upon the Super Sport Skate (or Super Street Skate). Fascinated by these novelty skates, he soon made a living promoting and selling them to hockey players in [[Minneapolis]].<ref name="city-pages-wolf-wheel"/> As a licensed distributor, Olson traveled on these skates through the city and around the state in guerrilla marketing tours to promote the product. Scott Olson and his brother Brennan tinkered with these skates. They removed the wheel frames from Super Street Skate, and custom-fitted them to customers' old hockey skates for improved ankle support.<ref name="ross-holland-rollerblade"/><ref name="MIA-olson-inventive-impulse">{{cite web
|url=https://new.artsmia.org/stories/mind-in-motion-the-mias-leonardo-show-traces-scott-olsons-inventive-impulse/
|title=Mind in motion: The MIA's Leonardo show traces Scott Olson's inventive impulse
|website=Minneapolis Institute of Art
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227015018/https://new.artsmia.org/stories/mind-in-motion-the-mias-leonardo-show-traces-scott-olsons-inventive-impulse/
|archive-date=2024-02-27
}}</ref>{{efn-ua|name="MIA-exhibit-notes"|The MIA exhibit story from 2015 includes a picture showing Scott Olson holding two prototype skates: 1) Lange boot on Super Street Skate skate with cream-colored wheels (1979), and 2) CCM Tacks hockey skate boot on his own adjustable/expandable skate design with orange polyurethane wheels (1981).<ref name="MIA-olson-inventive-impulse"/> Said picture is archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20241223184745im_/https://images.artsmia.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/01043323/2012-06-03-23.51.52-1067x800.jpg here]. The same two prototype skates are also seen in the main article picture of this [https://www.rollerblade.com/usa/en/the-rollerblade-experience/fitness/rollerblade-creator-scott-olson-will-attend-the-bmw-berlin-marathon Rollerblade article from 2019], archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20241224030540/https://www.rollerblade.com/usa/en/the-rollerblade-experience/fitness/rollerblade-creator-scott-olson-will-attend-the-bmw-berlin-marathon here]. The article picture is archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20241224030758/https://www.rollerblade.com/storage/thumbs/Article/2686__resize__16973Unknown-3.webp here].
}} Wearing plastic Lange boots thus retrofitted, Scott and his friend Mark Lipson skated for 200 miles from Minneapolis to Grand Rapids, MN, in a five-day marketing campaign.<ref name="star-tribune-biz-on-a-roll">{{cite news
|author=<!--not stated-->
|date=1985-11-17
|title=A Business That's On a Roll
|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-tribune-scott-olson-3/95325833/
|work=Star Tribune (Minneapolis)
|location=Minneapolis
|access-date=2024-12-23
}}</ref><ref name="international-companies-vol34-rollerblade">{{cite book
|url=https://archive.org/details/internationaldir0000unse_r5m3
|title=International Directory of Company Histories
|volume=34
|date=2000
|article=Rollerblade, Inc.
|pages=388–392
|location=Detroit
|publisher=St. James Press
|author-first1=Kathleen
|author-last1=Peippo
|author-first2=Nelson
|author-last2=Rhodes
|access-date=2024-12-23
}}</ref>

Through tinkering, prototyping and road testing everywhere he could, Scott Olson eventually arrived at a design with an adjustable/expandable frame, polyurethane wheels and double ball bearings. The skate rolled faster, and remained more reliable on road surfaces.<ref name="MIA-olson-inventive-impulse"/>{{efn-ua|name="MIA-exhibit-notes"}}{{efn-ua|See pictures of early prototypes of Ultimate Street Skate with "Ole's Innovative Sports" stamped on their frames, from [https://history.vintagemnhockey.com/page/show/1136093-minnesota-in-line-hockey-and-history-of-in-line-skates this page] on Vintage Minnesota Hockey, such as [https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/aaf9-144318485/Ole_s_Antique_Rollerblades_large.jpg this picture], [https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/23c9-144318495/Ole_s_Antique_Rollerblades-2_large.jpg this picture] and [https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/db66-144318486/Ole_s_Antique_Rollerblades-1_large.jpg this picture], plus [https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/1380-144026953/The_Ultimate_Rollerblade_Minneapoli_Ole_s_Innovative_Sports_Ad_large.jpg this ad]. Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20240715001103/https://history.vintagemnhockey.com/page/show/1136093-minnesota-in-line-hockey-and-history-of-in-line-skates here], with [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531051459im_/https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/aaf9-144318485/Ole_s_Antique_Rollerblades_large.jpg picture], [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531051510im_/https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/23c9-144318495/Ole_s_Antique_Rollerblades-2_large.jpg picture], [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531051512im_/https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/db66-144318486/Ole_s_Antique_Rollerblades-1_large.jpg picture] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531051531im_/https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/1380-144026953/The_Ultimate_Rollerblade_Minneapoli_Ole_s_Innovative_Sports_Ad_large.jpg picture].<ref name="VMH-history-with-pic-gallery">{{cite web
|url=https://history.vintagemnhockey.com/page/show/1136093-minnesota-in-line-hockey-and-history-of-in-line-skates
|title=Minnesota In-Line Hockey and History of In-Line Skates
|others=A picture gallery at the bottom of the page shows rare historical images of early Rollerblade prototypes and products including the Ultimate Street Skate
|website=Vintage Minnesota Hockey
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715001103/https://history.vintagemnhockey.com/page/show/1136093-minnesota-in-line-hockey-and-history-of-in-line-skates
|archive-date=2024-07-15
|access-date=2024-12-26
}}</ref>
}} But a patent search turned up the Chicago Roller-Blade, which claimed many of his design features.<ref name="ross-holland-rollerblade"/> In 1981, Olson persuaded the Chicago Roller Skate Company to give him the patent, in exchange for a percentage of the profit.<ref name="star-tribune-biz-on-a-roll"/>

In 1981, Scott Olson created a company called Ole's Innovative Sports, and made manufacturing arrangements. Soon, he marketed his own "Ultimate Street Skates" (or Ultimate Hockey Skates), a skate of his own design attached to a hard boot with thick liners similar to the plastic Lange boots. By then, skateboards had adopted polyurethane wheels made by roller skate manufacturers, with standard ISO 608 ball bearings. Scott similarly adopted polyurethane roller skate wheels from Kryptonics, shaving tens of thousands to fit them to his Ultimate skates.<ref name="MIA-olson-inventive-impulse"/><ref name=Shevelson-golden-days-of-skating/><ref name="bernstein-minnesota-hockey-inline"/> These skates came with a toe brake and had the now-familiar Rollerblade logo imprinted on them, which Scott and his friend designed.<ref name="usenet-chen-FAQ-inline-origin">{{cite newsgroup
 | title = Q: What are the origins of in-line skates?
 | author = Anthony D. Chen
 | date = 1993-11-04
 | newsgroup = rec.skate
 | url = https://groups.google.com/g/rec.skate/c/wJL3ruYbEYk
 | access-date = 2024-12-23
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241223202232/https://groups.google.com/g/rec.skate/c/wJL3ruYbEYk
 | archive-date = 2024-12-23
}}</ref>{{efn-ua|See a roadshow display of the Ultimate Hockey Skate [https://cdn.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/migrated-images_parent/migrated-images_94/rollerbalde_lUltimate1.jpg here], archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20241228170638/https://cdn.outsideonline.com/wp-content/uploads/migrated-images_parent/migrated-images_94/rollerbalde_lUltimate1.jpg here], from [https://www.outsideonline.com/1928656/most-influential-gear-all-time this article], archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20241228170921/https://www.outsideonline.com/1928656/most-influential-gear-all-time here].
}}{{efn-ua|A picture of the 1981 Ultimate Hockey Skate is shown under the headline: "Modern inline skate", on page 11 of the book ''Superguides: Inline Skating'' published by DK.<ref name="rollerblade-dk-superguides-inline-skating-2000">{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf_ZTqDa9YUC
|title=Superguides: Inline Skating
|location=London
|publisher=DK Pub
|year=2000
|isbn=0789465426
|access-date=2024-12-29
|first1=Dawn
|last1=Irwin
|quote=A picture of 1981 Ultimate Hockey Skate is shown under the headline: Modern inline skate
|quote-page=11
}}</ref>
}}

In 1982, Scott Olson started to market his skates as a proper sport in itself, venturing out of the initial niche where they served as an off-season training tool for ice hockey. Scott organized Minnesota hockey players to fly east to play roller hockey teams in New York City, with his team skating on Ultimate Street Skates, and the NYC teams on traditional 2x2 skates.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Profile on Scott Olson and Rollerblade 1982
|others=In 1982, Jeff Passolt from NewsCenter 11 interviewed Scott Olson, and played street hockey with his team wearing Olson's new roller skate invention, the "Ultimate Street Skates"
|date=1982
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlVEPLylbo0
|website=youtube.com
|publisher=WTOK NewsCenter 11
|language=en
|format=video
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123114949/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlVEPLylbo0
|archive-date=2025-01-23
|access-date=2025-05-04
}}</ref><ref name="bernstein-minnesota-hockey-inline">{{cite book
|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/morefrozenmemori0000ross/page/184/mode/1up?view=theater
|title=More... Frozen Memories: Celebrating a Century of Minnesota Hockey
|chapter=In-Line Hockey In Minnesota
|pages=184–185
|location=Minneapolis, MN
|publisher=Nodin Press
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1932472493
|access-date=2024-12-24
|first1=Ross
|last1=Bernstein
}}</ref> Scott also started to advertise his skates to the masses, in print and in person, as everyday fun activities, where one could "roll over large sidewalk craters without feeling them".<ref>{{cite magazine
| author      = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
| title       = Product placement ad for Ultimate Street Skates
| magazine    = Playboy Magazine
| date        = August 1982
| pages       = 144–145
}}</ref><ref name="city-pages-wolf-wheel"/> Enthusiasts colloquially referred to these skates as "roller blades".<ref name="joyner-guide-inline-skating"/>

{{multiple image
 | direction = horizontal
 | total_width = 400
 | footer = Rollerblade skates with heel brakes - 1983
 | image1 = First Rollerblade brand inline skates with round heel brake-from early 1980s-IMG 5651-profile view-FRD.png
 | image2 = First Rollerblade brand inline skates with round heel brake-from early 1980s-IMG 5668-perspective view-FRD.png
}}

In 1983, Scott Olson marketed a new generation of skates with heel brakes instead of toe brakes, under the trademark "Rollerblade". His company grew from one worker in 1980 to 25 employees in 1985, selling many thousands of units that year.<ref name="star-tribune-biz-on-a-roll"/>{{efn-ua|name=olson-1983-rollerblade-with-adjustable-ultimate-frame|See pictures of the new generation of early Rollerblade skates with heel brakes, from [https://history.vintagemnhockey.com/page/show/1136093-minnesota-in-line-hockey-and-history-of-in-line-skates Vintage Minnesota Hockey]: [https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/8217/4572/Rollerblade_Ole_s_Innovative_Sports_Packaging_large.jpg picture], [https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/3264/3697/Blade_Runner_Rollerblades_large.JPG picture], [https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/3262/7119/Rollerblade_Training_Skates_Ad_large.jpg picture] and [https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/8bc0-134049225/Rollerblade_Only_a_Hockey_Player_Can_Understand_Ad_large.jpg picture], archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531051534/https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/8217/4572/Rollerblade_Ole_s_Innovative_Sports_Packaging_large.jpg here], [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531051536/https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/3264/3697/Blade_Runner_Rollerblades_large.JPG here], [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531051527/https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/3262/7119/Rollerblade_Training_Skates_Ad_large.jpg here] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531051525/https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/8bc0-134049225/Rollerblade_Only_a_Hockey_Player_Can_Understand_Ad_large.jpg here]. These have a refined version of the adjustable frame from the Ultimate Street Skate, and a similar hard boot. These skates witnessed the transition of Scott Olson's company from "Ole's Innovative Sports", to "North American Sports Training Corp.", and finally to "Rollerblade", as attested by marketing materials.<ref name="VMH-history-with-pic-gallery"/>
}} In the same year, the company published a book, ''Rollerblades: Dryland Training for Ice Hockey'', edited by [[Chris Middlebrook]], with chapters written by [[Randy Gregg (ice hockey)|Randy Gregg]], [[Jack Blatherwick]], Laura Stamm, [[Brad Buetow]], Scott Olson, and Brennan Olson. This is the first book that elaborated on the equivalency of inline and ice hockey skates with respect to hockey moves, and the first book that documented wheel rockering adjustments, wheel wear, and wheel rotations.<ref name="rollerblades-dryland-training-1985"/>

{{multiple image
 | direction = horizontal
 | total_width = 400
 | footer = Lightning TRS - 1988
 | image1 = Rollerblade-Lightning TRS-Team Rollerblade Series-1988-IMG 5703-profile view-FRD.png
 | image2 = Rollerblade-Lightning TRS-Team Rollerblade Series-1988-IMG 5728-perspective view-FRD.png
}}

Around 1986, Ole's Innovative Sports was renamed "North American Sports Training Corporation" (NASTC). As the Rollerblade brand became more popular, the company was eventually renamed to Rollerblade Inc. around 1988.<ref name="bernstein-minnesota-hockey-inline"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://assignments.uspto.gov/assignments/q?db=tm&sno=73491507
|title=Trademark Assignment Abstract of Title: ROLLERBLADE
|website=United States Patent and Trademark Office
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108042642/https://assignments.uspto.gov/assignments/q?db=tm&sno=73491507
|archive-date=2025-01-08
|access-date=2025-01-08
}}</ref>

In 1988, the company released ''Lightning'' skates with fiberglass-reinforced plastic frames.<ref name="usenet-chen-FAQ-inline-origin"/>{{efn-ua|See pictures of early Lightning skates
from [https://history.vintagemnhockey.com/page/show/1136093-minnesota-in-line-hockey-and-history-of-in-line-skates Vintage Minnesota Hockey]: [https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/3262/7224/Rollerblade_Lightning_Ad_1986_large.jpg 1987 with round heel brake], [https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/3276/2652/Rollerblade_Sharpen_Your_Skills_Ad_large.jpg 1988 ad for hockey players] and [https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/3302/7080/Rollerblade_off_your_butt_ad_large.jpg 1989 ad for hockey players], archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531051530/https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/3262/7224/Rollerblade_Lightning_Ad_1986_large.jpg here], [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531051523/https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/3276/2652/Rollerblade_Sharpen_Your_Skills_Ad_large.jpg here] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531051523/https://cdn1.sportngin.com/attachments/photo/3302/7080/Rollerblade_off_your_butt_ad_large.jpg here]. Note how the 1987 ad had "© 1987 NASTC", and the 1988 one "© 1988 Rollerblace, Inc." See this vintage [https://www.ebay.com/itm/234613490168 Lightning listing] for Lightning skates with a square heel brake, archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20241227050552/https://www.ebay.com/itm/234613490168 here].
}}{{efn-ua|name=notes-on-brennan-olson-1987-lightning-patent|Brennan Olson's patent application filed in 1987 described key innovations in the 1988 Lightning skate: a single-piece plastic frame with reinforcement bridges, toggleable inserts for mounting hole for rockering (named axle aperture plug in the specification), and wheel hubs each with an interlock rim (named outer annular ring 16P) over which polyurethane is molded to reduce wheel deformation and heat buildup.<ref name="brennan-olson-1987-patent-modern-inline-skates"/>}} The Lightning TRS (Team Rollerblade series) with a cuff buckle was particularly successful, and turned "Rollerblade" into a household name.{{efn-ua|See pictures of Lightning TRS skates with a cuff buckle in [https://www.ebay.com/itm/315787426401 this listing] and [https://www.ebay.com/itm/256433377165 this listing], archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20241227050623/https://www.ebay.com/itm/315787426401 here] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20241227050733/https://www.ebay.com/itm/256433377165 here].
}} The company claimed to have up to 75% of the estimated $12 million market in 1988.<ref name="international-companies-vol34-rollerblade"/>

{{multiple image
 | direction = horizontal
 | total_width = 400
 | footer = Ultra Wheels - 1986
 | image1 = Ultra Wheels inline skates made by First Team Sports Inc-ca 1986-IMG 5781-profile view-FRD.png
 | image2 = Ultra Wheels inline skates made by First Team Sports Inc-ca 1986-IMG 5747-perspective view-FRD.png
}}

The Chicago Roller-Blade patent expired at the end of 1983. Eying the success of Rollerblade, competitors jumped into the race. Another Minneapolis firm, First Team Sports Inc., started manufacturing its Ultra Wheels skates in 1986. More manufacturers joined in, including Oxygen, K2 and Bauer.<ref name=nyt-1990-craze-outsprint>{{cite news
|author=<!--not stated-->
|date=1990-08-07
|title=A Craze May Outsprint Its Creator
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/07/business/a-craze-may-outsprint-its-creator.html
|url-status=live
|work=New York Times
|location=New York
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321231120/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/07/business/a-craze-may-outsprint-its-creator.html
|archive-date=2014-03-21
|access-date=2024-12-22
}}</ref><ref name="international-companies-vol34-rollerblade"/> Then, the Super Sport Skate patent expired in 1992.<ref name="maury-silver-tandem-skate-1975"/> This allowed even more inline manufacturers to produce skates without fear of infringement.

Rollerblade continued to dominate the market in the 1990s, in the face of competition.<ref name="international-companies-vol34-rollerblade"/> In 1990, it had 66% of the estimated $50 million global inline market.<ref name=nyt-1990-craze-outsprint/> Sales peaked in 1996, leaving 1997 with a reported revenue of $106 million, or nearly 40% of the estimated market.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.benettongroup.com/site/assets/files/6170/1997_annual_report_en.pdf
|title=The Benetton Group - Annual Report 1997
|website=Benetton Group
|page=66: at 1997-04-30 exchange rate of 1710 Lire/USD, Rollerblade revenue of 180,813 million Lire equals $106 million USD
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223052025/https://www.benettongroup.com/site/assets/files/6170/1997_annual_report_en.pdf
|archive-date=2024-12-23
}}</ref> According to Rollerblade, by 1997, 20 percent of American households had a pair of inline skates, and a 1998 survey found that 32 million Americans over the age of six had tried inline skates at least once that year.<ref name="ross-holland-rollerblade"/>

{{multiple image
 | direction = horizontal
 | total_width = 320
 | image1 = Rollerblade 303 70mm 85A hubless inline skate wheels by Kryptonics ca 1980s-608ZZ TMK bearings-IMG 6757-bg-FRD.png
 | image2 = Rollerblade 303 70mm 85A hubless inline skate wheels by Kryptonics ca 1980s-608ZZ TMK bearings-IMG 6726-bg-FRD.png
 | footer = Urethane wheels with ISO bearings (1980s)
}}

Modern inline skates became practical for manufacturers to mass-produce, and enjoyable for the masses as a recreational sport, when technological advances such as polyurethane wheels, standard ISO 608 ball bearings, and molded plastic boots arrived on the scene. These skates incorporate double ball bearings with dual-purpose axles from Chomin Harry (1925), single-piece frames from Christian Siffert (1938), adjustable wheel rockering from Gordon Ware (1966), single-unit boot/frame, longer frames and larger wheels from Maury Silver (1975), plus additional innovations.

Both Scott and Brennan continued to refine skates, each having been granted a dozen patent applications for skate-related innovations from 1982 through 1996.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/scott-b-olson
|title=Patents by Inventor Scott B. Olson
|website=Justia Patents
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224014324/https://patents.justia.com/inventor/scott-b-olson
|archive-date=2024-12-24
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/brennan-j-olson
|title=Patents by Inventor Brennan J. Olson
|website=Justia Patents
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224014448/https://patents.justia.com/inventor/brennan-j-olson
|archive-date=2024-12-24
}}</ref>