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Islam and democracy
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===Al-Farabi=== The [[Early Islamic philosophy|early Islamic philosopher]], [[Al-Farabi]] (c. 872–950), in one of his most notable works ''Al-Madina al-Fadila'', theorized an ideal Islamic state which he compared to [[Plato]]'s ''[[The Republic (Plato)|The Republic]]''.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-natural |title=Arabic and Islamic Natural Philosophy and Natural Science |website=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |year=2018 |access-date=December 17, 2008 |archive-date=August 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802102546/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-natural/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Al-Farabi departed from the [[Platonism|Platonic]] view in that he regarded the ideal state to be ruled by the [[Prophets in Islam|prophet]], instead of the [[philosopher king]] envisaged by Plato. Al-Farabi argued that the ideal state was the [[city-state]] of [[Medina]] when it was governed by Muhammad, as its [[head of state]], as he was in direct communion with God whose law was revealed to him. In the absence of the prophet, Al-Farabi considered democracy as the closest to the ideal state, regarding the republican order of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] as an example within early [[History of Islam|Muslim history]]. However, he also maintained that it was from democracy that imperfect states emerged, noting how the republican order of the early Islamic Caliphate of the Rashidun caliphs was later replaced by a form of government resembling a monarchy under the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] dynasties.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bontekoe |first1=Ronald |last2=Stepaniants |first2=Mariėtta Tigranovna |date=1997 |title=Justice and Democracy: Cross-Cultural Perspectives |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page=251 |isbn=0-8248-1926-8}}</ref>
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