Editing Islam in Pakistan (section)

==Denominations==
[[File:Religion pakistan.png|300px|thumb|Growth in the number of religious madrassahs in Pakistan from 1988 to 2002<ref>Rahman, T. Madrasas: ''Potential for Violence in Pakistan in Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror?'' Edited by Jamal Malik. Routledge 2008. pp. 64.</ref>]]
[[File:Sunset over Data Durbar.jpg|thumb|right|The famed [[Data Durbar]] shrine of Sufi saint Ali Hujweiri in Lahore is known for devotees from over the world.]]

According to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[The World Factbook|World Factbook]] and [[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]], 96–97% of the total population of Pakistan is Muslim.<ref name="CIA"/><ref name="Oxford" />

===Sunni===
The majority of the Pakistani Muslims belong to [[Sunni Islam]]. Muslims belong to different schools which are called [[Madhab|Madhahib]] (singular: Madhhab) i.e., schools of [[jurisprudence]] (also 'Maktab-e-Fikr' (School of Thought) in [[Urdu]]).) Estimates on the Sunni population in Pakistan range from 85% to 90%.<ref name="LoC2" /><ref name="CIA" /><ref name="PRC" /><ref name="PRCPDF" /><ref name="State" />

====Barelvi and Deobandi Sunni Muslims====
The two major Sunni sects in Pakistan are the [[Barelvi movement]] and [[Deobandi movement]]. Statistics regarding Pakistan's sects and sub-sects have been called "tenuous",<ref name="ICG-NEoSViP-2022-8">{{cite book |last1= |first1= |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep42808.7 |title=A New Era of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan |date=2022 |publisher=International Crisis Group |pages=Page 8–Page 14 |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref> but estimates of the sizes of the two groups give a slight majority of Pakistan's population to 50% the Barelvi school, while 20% are thought to follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence.<ref name=heritage.org-May2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2009/05/Reviving-Pakistans-Pluralist-Traditions-to-Fight-Extremism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322140255/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2009/05/Reviving-Pakistans-Pluralist-Traditions-to-Fight-Extremism |url-status=unfit |archive-date=March 22, 2010 | title=Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism | last1=Curtis |first1=Lisa |last2=Mullick |first2=Haider |date=4 May 2009 |access-date=2011-07-31 |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]}}</ref><ref name="globalsecurity.org2">{{cite web |last=Pike |first=John |date=5 July 2011 |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-barelvi.htm |title=Barelvi Islam |publisher=[[GlobalSecurity.org]] |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208063014/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-barelvi.htm |archive-date=8 December 2003 |url-status=live |quote=By one estimate, in Pakistan, the Shias are 18%, Ismailis 2%, Ahmediyas 2%, Barelvis 50%, Deobandis 20%, Ahle Hadith 4%, and other minorities 4%. [...] By another estimate some 15% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims would consider themselves Deobandi, and some 60% are in the Barelvi tradition based mostly in the province of Punjab. But some 64% of the total seminaries are run by Deobandis, 25% by the Barelvis, 6% by the Ahle Hadith and 3% by various Shiite organisations.}}</ref><ref name="ICG-NEoSViP-2022-8-quote">{{cite book |last1= |first1= |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep42808.7 |title=A New Era of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan |date=2022 |publisher=International Crisis Group |pages=Page 8–Page 14 |quote=Sunni Barelvis are believed to constitute a thin majority of the population |access-date=20 July 2023}}</ref>

===Shia===
{{Main|Shia Islam in Pakistan}}
Shias are estimated to constitute about 10-15 percent of the country's population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-09 |title=Chapter 5: Boundaries of Religious Identity |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-5-religious-identity/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Major traditions of Shia Islam found in Pakistan include the [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shias]] (or Ithna Ashariyyah)&nbsp;and the [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili Shias]] (or Seveners); most notably the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s and the [[Khoja|Khoja Ismailis]]—known for their prominence in commerce and industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan - Islamic Assembly, Sunni & Shiʿi Sects, Wahhābī Movement {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/Religion |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Many prominent Shia Muslim politicians were known to play a decisive role in the creation of Pakistan for decades during the [[Pakistan Movement]]. The role as the first president of the Muslim League and its main financial backer during its earlier years was undertaken by [[Aga Khan III|Sir Aga Khan III]], an Ismaili by faith. Other politicians that held prominent roles in the initial decades of the Muslim League include Raja Sahib, Syed Ameer Ali and Syed Wazir Hasan, among others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuchs |first=Simon Wolfgang |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469649818_fuchs |title=In a Pure Muslim Land: Shi'ism between Pakistan and the Middle East |date=2019 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-4979-5 |jstor=10.5149/9781469649818_fuchs }}</ref>

A 2012 study found 50% of surveyed Pakistanis considered Shia as Muslims while 41% rejected Shia as Muslims.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/ |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |date=9 August 2012 |website=Pew Research Center|access-date=26 December 2016 |quote=On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 2% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.}}</ref><ref name="pewresearch.org">{{Cite web |date=2012-08-09 |title=Chapter 5: Boundaries of Religious Identity |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-5-religious-identity/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Shias]] allege discrimination by the Pakistani government since 1948, claiming that [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] are given preference in business, official positions and administration of justice.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7GPWbu8XKgC&q=gilgit+shias+1988+killing&pg=PT24|title=Around Rakaposhi|last=Jones|first=Brian H.|publisher=Brian H Jones|year=2010|isbn=9780980810721|quote=Many Shias in the region feel that they have been discriminated against since 1948. They claim that the Pakistani government continually gives preferences to Sunnis in business, in official positions, and in the administration of justice...The situation deteriorated sharply during the 1980s under the presidency of the tyrannical Zia-ul Haq when there were many attacks on the Shia population.}}</ref> Attacks on Shias increased under the presidency of Zia-ul-Haq,<ref name=":22" /> with the first major sectarian riots in Pakistan breaking out in 1983 in [[Karachi]] and later spreading to other parts of the country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/11/10/sectarian-strife-threatens-pakistans-fragile-society/|title=Sectarian Strife Threatens Pakistan's Fragile Society|last=Broder|first=Jonathan|date=10 November 1987|work=Chicago Tribune|quote=Pakistan`s first major Shiite-Sunni riots erupted in 1983 in Karachi during the Shiite holiday of Muharram; at least 60 people were killed. More Muharram disturbances followed over the next three years, spreading to Lahore and the Baluchistan region and leaving hundreds more dead. Last July, Sunnis and Shiites, many of them armed with locally made automatic weapons, clashed in the northwestern town of Parachinar, where at least 200 died.|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> Shias have long been a target of Sunni radical groups such as [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] in the country. Sectarian violence became a recurring feature of the [[Muharram]] month every year, with sectarian violence between [[Sunnis]] and [[Shias]] taking place on multiple occasions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7GPWbu8XKgC&q=gilgit+shias+1988+killing&pg=PT24|title=Around Rakaposhi|last=Jones|first=Brian H.|publisher=Brian H Jones|year=2010|isbn=9780980810721|quote=Many Shias in the region feel that they have been discriminated against since 1948. They claim that the Pakistani government continually gives preferences to Sunnis in business, in official positions, and in the administration of justice...The situation deteriorated sharply during the 1980s under the presidency of the tyrannical Zia-ul Haq when there were many attacks on the Shia population. In one of the most notorious incidents, during May 1988 Sunni assailants destroyed Shia villages, forcing thousands of people to flee to Gilgit for refuge. Shia mosques were razed and about 100 people were killed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153556|title=This Muharram, Gilgit gives peace a chance|last=Taimur|first=Shamil|date=12 October 2016|work=Herald|quote=This led to violent clashes between the two sects. In 1988, after a brief calm of nearly four days, the military regime allegedly used certain militants along with local Sunnis to ‘teach a lesson’ to Shias, which led to hundreds of Shias and Sunnis being killed.|access-date=31 December 2016}}</ref> Since 2008 thousands of Shia have been killed by Sunni extremists according to [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) and violent clashes between the two sects are common.<ref name="HRW-2014">{{cite web|title=Pakistan: Rampant Killings of Shia by Extremists|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/29/pakistan-rampant-killings-shia-extremists|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=16 November 2014|date=30 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020929/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/29/pakistan-rampant-killings-shia-extremists|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A subset of Shia in Pakistan are the Hazara ethnic group—which are distinct from other Shi’a due to their language and facial features. Most Hazaras live in Afghanistan, but Pakistan also hosts between 650,000 and 900,000 – and around 500,000 live in the city of Quetta.<ref name="/minorityrights.org">{{cite web |title=Pakistan. Main minorities and indigenous peoples |url=https://minorityrights.org/country/pakistan/#:~:text=Christians%2C%20Hindus%2C%20Ahmadis%2C%20Scheduled,Ahmadis%20are%20now%20not%20recognized. |website=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

===Sufism===
{{Main|Sufism in Pakistan}}
[[File:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam 2014-07-31.jpg|thumb|The shrine of [[Rukn-e-Alam]] is one of southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]'s most important Sufi shrines]]

[[Sufism]] is a vast term and many [[tariqa|Sufi orders]] exist within Pakistan where the philosophy has a strong tradition. Historically, the Sufi missionaries had played a pivotal role in converting the native peoples of Punjab and Sindh to Islam.<ref name="Hashmi2014">{{cite book |author=Hashmi |first=Taj |author-link=Taj Hashmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT45 |title=Global Jihad and America: The Hundred-Year War Beyond Iraq and Afghanistan |date=26 June 2014 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5150-426-9 |pages=45–}}</ref> The most notable Muslim Sufi orders in Pakistan are the [[Qadiriyya]], [[Naqshbandiya]], [[Chishtiya]] and [[Suhrawardiyya]] silsas ([[Religious order|Muslim Orders]]) and they have a large amount of devotees in Pakistan. The tradition of visiting [[dargah]]s is still practiced today. Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Data Ganj Baksh ([[Ali Hajweri]]) in [[Lahore]] (ca. 11th century),<ref name=":1">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Pakistan: a country study|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/95017247/|date=1995|editor-last=Blood|editor-first=Peter R.|edition=6th|pages=128|isbn=0-8444-0834-4|oclc=32394669|postscript=. {{PD-notice}}}}</ref> [[Sultan Bahoo]] in [[Shorkot]] [[Jhang]], [[Baha-ud-din Zakariya]] in [[Multan]],<ref name="Dawn">{{cite web |date=27 October 2017 |title=Urs of Bahauddin Zakariya begins in Multan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1366492 |access-date=15 February 2018 |publisher=Dawn (newspaper)}}</ref> and [[Shahbaz Qalander]] in [[Sehwan]] (ca. 12th century)<ref name=":1" /> and [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai]] in [[Bhit]], Sindh<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1550046/1-urs-celebrations-hazrat-shah-abdul-latif-bhitai-commence/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109031144/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1550046/1-urs-celebrations-hazrat-shah-abdul-latif-bhitai-commence|archive-date=9 November 2020|title=Urs celebrations of Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai commence|date=5 November 2017|publisher=[[The Express Tribune]]|access-date=5 March 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Rehman Baba]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province]]. The [[Urs]] (death anniversary) of Sufi saints accounts for the largest gathering upon their shrines held annually by the devotees.

Although, popular Sufi culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance, certain [[tariqa]]s such as [[Sarwari Qadiri|Sarwari Qadri Order]], refrain from such traditions and believe in paying visit to the shrines, making prayers or reciting manqabat. Moreover, contemporary Islamic fundamentalists also criticize the popular tradition of singing, dance and music, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of [[Mohammad]] and his companions. There have been terrorist attacks directed at Sufi shrines and festivals, five in 2010 that killed 64 people. Presently, the known [[tariqa]]s in Pakistan have maintained their organisations usually known as tehreeks and have their [[khanqah]]s for the [[dhikr]] of Allah, as per the old age Sufi tradition.<ref name=NYTSufivideo>{{cite news|title=Sufism Under attack in Pakistan|url=http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/06/world/asia/1248069532117/sufism-under-attack-in-pakistan.html|access-date=May 21, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Produced by Charlotte Buchen|format=video|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528051803/http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/06/world/asia/1248069532117/sufism-under-attack-in-pakistan.html|archive-date=May 28, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=NYTAtWarSufi>{{cite news|title=The Islam That Hard-Liners Hate|url=http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/06/the-islam-that-hard-liners-hate/|access-date=May 21, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 6, 2011|author=Huma Imtiaz|author2=Charlotte Buchen|format=blog}}</ref>

===Quranists===
Muslims who reject the authority of [[hadith]], known as [[Quranist]], Quraniyoon, or Ahle Quran, are also present in Pakistan.<ref>Ali Usman Qasmi, [http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20130125&page=16 A mosque for Qurani Namaz], ''The Friday Times'', Retrieved February 16, 2013</ref> The largest [[Quranist]] organization in Pakistan is [[Ahle Quran]], followed by Bazm-e-Tolu-e-Islam. Another Quranist movement in Pakistan is ''Ahlu Zikr''.<ref name="seyed">Dolatabad, Seyed Ali Hosseini, Hossein Naseri Moghadam, and Ali Reza Abedi Sar Asiya. "Pillars, proofs and requirements of the Quran-Sufficiency Theory, along with its criticism." International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) ISSN 2356-5926 (2016): 2303–2319.</ref>

===Non-denominational===
Roughly twelve per cent of Pakistani Muslims self-describe or have beliefs overlapping with [[non-denominational Muslim]]s. These Muslims have beliefs that by and large overlap with those of the majority of Muslims and the difference in their prayers are usually non-existent or negligible. Nonetheless, in censuses asking for a clarification on which strand or rite of Muslim faith they most closely align, they usually answer "just a Muslim".<ref>Pewforum Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation retrieved, retrieved 11 March 2015</ref>