Editing Jawi script (section)

==Letters==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Jawi alphabet<ref>Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka,
5th printing, 2006.</ref>
|-
!Name
!Isolated
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
!Sound represented
!Rumi equivalent
!Notes
!Unicode
|-
|''alif''<br>{{Script|Arab|اليف}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ا}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـا}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/a/}} or {{IPA|/ə/}}
|a, e- ''pepet'' (ĕ)
|Also represent the digit "1"
|U+0627
|-
|''ba''<br>{{Script|Arab|باء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ب}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـب}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـبـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|بـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/b/}}
|b
|
|U+0628
|-
|''ta''<br>{{Script|Arab|تاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ت}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـت}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـتـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|تـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/t/}}
|t
|
|U+062A
|-
|''ta marbutah''<br>{{Script|Arab|تاء مربوطة}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ة}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـة}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/t/}} or {{IPA|/h/}}
| -t, -h
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
|U+0629
|-
|''sa (tha)''<br>{{Script|Arab|ثاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ث}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـث}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـثـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ثـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/θ/}}
|s
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
|U+062B
|-
|''jim''<br>{{Script|Arab|جيم}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ج}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـج}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـجـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|جـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|j
|
|U+062C
|-
|''ca''<br>{{Script|Arab|چا}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|چ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـچ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـچـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|چـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
|c
|Additional letter not present in Arabic
Similar to Persian "چ" (Che)
|U+0686
|-
|''ha''<br>{{Script|Arab|حاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ح}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـح}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـحـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|حـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/h/}} or {{IPA|/ħ/}}
|h
|Also known as ''ha kecil'' ({{Script|Arab|حاء کچيل‎}}) or ''ha pedas'' ({{Script|Arab|حاء ڤدس‎}})<br>Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
|U+062D
|-
|''kha (khO)''<br>{{Script|Arab|خاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|خ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـخ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـخـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|خـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/x/}}
|kh
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
|U+062E
|-
|''dal''<br>{{Script|Arab|دل}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|د}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـد}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|d
|
|U+062F
|-
|''zal''<br>{{Script|Arab|ذال}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ذ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـذ}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/z/}} or {{IPA|/ð/}}
|z
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
|U+0630
|-
|''ra (rO)''<br>{{Script|Arab|راء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ر}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـر}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/r/}}
|r
|
|U+0631
|-
|''zai''<br>{{Script|Arab|زاي}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ز}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـز}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/z/}}
|z
|Mainly used in loanwords of European origin
|U+0632
|-
|''sin''<br>{{Script|Arab|سين}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|س}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـس}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـسـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|سـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|s
|
|U+0633
|-
|''syin''<br>{{Script|Arab|شين}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ش}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـش}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـشـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|شـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|sy, sh
|Mainly used in loanwords of European origin
|U+0634
|-
|''sad (sOd)''<br>{{Script|Arab|صاد}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ص}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـص}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـصـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|صـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/s/}}
|s
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
|U+0635
|-
|''dad (dOd)''<br>{{Script|Arab|ضاد}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ض}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـض}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـضـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ضـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/d/}}
|d
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
|U+0636
|-
|''ta (tO)''<br>{{Script|Arab|طاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ط}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـط}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـطـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|طـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/t/}}
|t
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
|U+0637
|-
|''za (zO)''<br>{{Script|Arab|ظاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ظ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـظ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـظـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ظـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/z/}}
|z
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
|U+0638
|-
|''ain''<br>{{Script|Arab|عين}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ع}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـع}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـعـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|عـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|a, i, u, -k
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
|U+0639
|-
|''ghain''<br>{{Script|Arab|غين}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|غ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـغ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـغـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|غـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ɣ/}}
|gh
|Mainly used in Arabic loanwords
|U+063A
|-
|''nga''<br>{{Script|Arab|ڠا}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ڠ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـڠ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـڠـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ڠـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|ng
|Additional letter not present in Arabic
|U+06A0
|-
|''fa''<br>{{Script|Arab|فاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ف}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـف}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـفـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|فـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/f/}}
|f
|Mainly used in loanwords of European origin
|U+0641
|-
|''pa''<br>{{Script|Arab|ڤا}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ڤ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـڤ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـڤـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ڤـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/p/}}
|p
|Additional letter not present in Arabic
Similar to Persian "پ" (Pe) in pronunciation
|U+06A4
|-
|''qaf''<br>{{Script|Arab|قاف}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ق}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـق}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـقـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|قـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/q/}} or {{IPA|/k/}}
|q, k
|
|U+0642
|-
|''kaf''<br>{{Script|Arab|کاف}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ک}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـک}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـکـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|کـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/k/}}
|k
|
|U+06A9
|-
|''ga''<br>{{Script|Arab|ݢا}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ݢ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـݢ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـݢـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ݢـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|g
|Additional letter not present in Arabic
Similar to Persian "گ" (Gaf)
|U+0762
|-
|''lam''<br>{{Script|Arab|لام}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ل}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـل}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـلـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|لـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/l/}}
|l
|
|U+0644
|-
|''mim''<br>{{Script|Arab|ميم}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|م}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـم}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـمـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|مـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/m/}}
|m
|
|U+0645
|-
|''nun''<br>{{Script|Arab|نون}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ن}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـن}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـنـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|نـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/n/}}
|n
|
|U+0646
|-
|''wau''<br>{{Script|Arab|واو}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|و}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـو}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/u, o, ɔ/}}
|w, u, o
|
|U+0648
|-
|''va''<br>{{Script|Arab|ۏا}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ۏ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـۏ}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/v/}}
|v
|Additional letter not present in Arabic<br>Mainly used in loanwords of European origin
|U+06CF
|-
|''ha''<br>{{Script|Arab|هاء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ه}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـه}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـهـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|هـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/h/}}
|h
|Also known as ''ha besar'' ({{Script|Arab|هاء بسر}}) or ''ha simpul'' ({{Script|Arab|هاء سيمڤول}})
|U+0647
|-
|''hamzah''<br>{{Script|Arab|همزة}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ء}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ء}}</span>
|
|
|{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
|∅
|
|U+0621
|-
|''ya''<br>{{Script|Arab|ياء}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ي}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـي}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـيـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|يـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/i, e, ɛ/}}
|y, i, e ''taling'' (é)
|
|U+064A
|-
|''ye''<br>{{Script|Arab|يى}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ى}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـى}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـىـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ىـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ə, a/}}
| -e ''pepet'' (ĕ), a
|Also known as ''alif maqsurah'' ({{Script|Arab|الف مقصورة}})<br>Mainly used in loanwords of European origin
|U+0649
|-
|''nya''<br>{{Script|Arab|ڽا}}
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ڽ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـڽ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ـڽـ}}</span>
|<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script|Arab|ڽـ}}</span>
|{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|ny
|Additional letter not present in Arabic
|U+06BD
|}

* Letters with no initial and middle forms adopt either isolated or final form, because they cannot be joined with suffixing letter. ({{script/Arabic|ا}}, {{script/Arabic|د}}, {{script/Arabic|ذ}}, {{script/Arabic|ر}}, {{script/Arabic|ز}}, {{script/Arabic|و}}, {{script/Arabic|ۏ}})
* The letter ''hamzah'' may also appear in its [[Hamza#Jawi script|three-quarter form]] "{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter|4.5}}" (''hamzah tiga suku''), above ''alif'' "أ", below ''alif'' "إ" or housed (above ''ya'' "ئ" or ''wau'' "ؤ").[[Jawi alphabet#endnote e|<sup>[e]</sup>]]

===Spelling===
Modern Jawi spelling is based on the {{lang|ms|Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu (DKBM): Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi}} dictionary. Older texts may use different spellings for some words.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Che Wan Shamsul Bahri bin Che Wan Ahmad |author2=Khairuddin bin Omar |author3=Mohammad Faidzul bin Nasrudin |author4=Mohd Zamri bin Murah |author5=Khirulnizam Abd Rahman |title=Comparative Study Between Old and Modern Jawi Spelling: Case Study on Kitab Hidayah al-Salikin |url=https://www.academia.edu/2457882 |website=Researchgate.net |publisher=K. Abd Rahman |access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref> Nonetheless, even different modern sources<ref>such as {{cite web |title=Portal Rasmi Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia |url=http://www.pnm.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/239 |website=Nota Klinik Jawi Peringkat Lanjutan 2014 |access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref> may use different spelling conventions; they may differ especially in the usage of the [[mater lectionis|matres lectionis]] ({{lang|ms|alif}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ا}}, {{lang|ms|wau}} {{lang|ms-Arab|و}} and {{lang|ms|ya}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ي}}) and the {{lang|ms|[[Hamza#Jawi script|hamzah tiga suku]]}} {{lang|ms-Arab|{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter|4.5}}}}, as well as in the spelling of vowels and consonant clusters in loanwords from [[English language|English]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2016}} One source<ref>{{cite web |title=Jawi @ Arabic Converter |url=http://www.ejawi.net/v3/index?e=converter |website=Ejawi.net |access-date=16 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212400/http://www.ejawi.net/v3/index?e=converter |archive-date= 3 March 2016}}</ref> tends to use the following conventions;<ref>{{cite web |title=Klinik Jawi di Radio IKIM.fm – Tutorial |url=http://www.ejawi.net/v3/index?e=tutorial&a=kandungan&kategori&lihatID=48&show=1 |website=Ejawi.net |access-date=16 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609222055/http://www.ejawi.net/v3/index?e=tutorial&a=kandungan&kategori&lihatID=48&show=1 |archive-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> there are numerous exceptions to them nonetheless.

* [[List of loanwords in Malay|Loanwords]] may be spelled differently. Particularly, loanwords from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] often keep their original spellings.

: The letters {{lang|ms|sa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ث}}, {{lang|ms|ha}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ح}}, {{lang|ms|kha}} {{lang|ms-Arab|خ}}, {{lang|ms|zal}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ذ}}, {{lang|ms|sad}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ص}}, {{lang|ms|dad}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ض}}, {{lang|ms|ta}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ط}}, {{lang|ms|za}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ظ}}, {{lang|ms|ain}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ع}}, {{lang|ms|ghain}} {{lang|ms-Arab|غ}}, and {{lang|ms|ta marbutah}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ة}} are mostly used to spell Arabic loanwords, e.g., {{lang|ms|Selasa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ثلاث}}, {{lang|ms|huruf}} {{lang|ms-Arab|حروف}}, {{lang|ms|khabar}} {{lang|ms-Arab|خبر}}, {{lang|ms|fasal}} {{lang|ms-Arab|فصل}}, {{lang|ms|darurat}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ضرورة}}, {{lang|ms|talak}} {{lang|ms-Arab|طلاق}}, {{lang|ms|zohor}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ظهر}}, {{lang|ms|saat}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ساعة}}, {{lang|ms|sunat}} {{lang|ms-Arab|سنة}}, {{lang|ms|khasiat}} {{lang|ms-Arab|خصية}}. The letter {{lang|ms|va}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ۏ}} is mostly used to spell English loanwords, e.g., {{lang|ms|universiti}} {{lang|ms-Arab|اونيۏرسيتي}}. The letters {{lang|ms|zai}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ز}}, {{lang|ms|syin}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ش}}, {{lang|ms|fa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ف}}, and {{lang|ms|ye}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ى}} are mostly used to spell loanwords from English, Arabic or Dutch, e.g., {{lang|ms|zoo}} {{lang|ms-Arab|زو}}, {{lang|ms|zapin}} {{lang|ms-Arab|زاڤين}}, {{lang|ms|syif}} {{lang|ms-Arab|شيف}}, {{lang|ms|syukur}} {{lang|ms-Arab|شکور}}, {{lang|ms|filem}} {{lang|ms-Arab|فيلم}}, {{lang|ms|fakir}} {{lang|ms-Arab|فقير}}, {{lang|ms|nasionalisme}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ناسيوناليسمى}}, and {{lang|ms|takwa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|تقوى}}.

: The letter {{lang|ms|x}} used to spell loanwords from English may be spelled using different Jawi letters, depending on pronunciation, e.g., {{lang|ms|kaf-sin}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کس}} in {{lang|ms|sinaran X}} {{lang|ms-Arab|سينرن ايکس}} or {{lang|ms|zai}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ز}} in {{lang|ms|xenon}} {{lang|ms-Arab|زينون}}.

: The letter {{lang|ms|syin}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ش}} is also used to represent {{angbr|sh}} especially for words derived from [[Classical Malay]] language, e.g., {{lang|ms-Arab|مهاريشي}} {{lang|ms|maharishi}}; and loanwords, e.g., {{lang|ms-Arab|شيرڤا}} {{lang|ms|Sherpa}}.

: Native Malay root morphemes with Rumi {{lang|ms|k}} in the syllable coda are [[glottal stop]]s (pronounced {{IPAblink|ʔ}}) and are written with {{lang|ms|qaf}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ق}}, e.g., {{lang|ms|tengok}} {{lang|ms-Arab|تيڠوق}}, {{lang|ms|laksa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|لقسا}}, {{lang|ms|baiklah}} {{lang|ms-Arab|با{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter|4.5}}يقله}}, {{lang|ms|kotakku}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کوتقکو}}, {{lang|ms|kotakmu}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کوتقمو}}. Loanwords where the Rumi {{lang|ms|k}} is derived from Western languages are spelled with {{lang|ms|kaf}}: the initial and medial forms use the glyph {{lang|ms-Arab|ک}}, e.g., {{lang|ms|klinik}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کلينيک}} and {{lang|ms|teksi}} {{lang|ms-Arab|تيکسي}}; the final {{lang|ms|k}} form dominantly uses {{lang|ms-Arab|ک}} instead of {{lang|ms-Arab|ك}}, although the latter Arabic glyph is alternatively found often in some old writings and signages (e.g. variant spelling of {{lang|ms|klinik}} as {{lang|ms-Arab|کلينيك}}).

: The letter {{lang|ms|fa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ف}} was historically used to represent {{IPAslink|p}} (Jawi: {{lang|ms|pa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ڤ}}) and such usage may still be found in archaic Jawi spellings. This is because {{IPAslink|f}} is a non-native consonant in Malay found only in loanwords and in the past was often approximated as a {{IPA|/p/}}.

* Though there are exceptions,{{ref|a|[a]}} vowels and diphthongs tend to be spelled this way:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan="2"| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"| First letter of a root morpheme
!colspan="2"| Middle of a root morpheme, in an open syllable
!colspan="2"| Middle of a root morpheme, in a closed syllable
!colspan="2"| Last letter of a root morpheme
|-
! Rumi || Jawi || Rumi || Jawi || Rumi || Jawi || Rumi || Jawi
|-
|rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPAblink|ə}} in open final syllables of root morphemes, or in the [[penult]] if followed by {{IPA|/h/}}, e.g., in {{lang|ms|usaha}}
! Spelling
|  {{lang|ms|a}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ا}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|a}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـا}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|a}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـا}} or omitted{{ref|b|[b]}}{{ref|c|[c]}} || {{lang|ms|a}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـا}} or omitted{{ref|b|[b]}}{{ref|c|[c]}}
|-

! Example
| {{lang|ms|abu}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ابو}} || {{lang|ms|cari}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|چاري}} || {{lang|ms|sampan, wang}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|سمڤن, واڠ}} || {{lang|ms|cuba, hanya}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|چوبا, هاڽ}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| {{IPAslink|e}} mostly, {{IPAslink|ɛ}} in some words, i.e., {{lang|ms|e-taling}}
! Spelling
| {{lang|ms|[[New Rumi Spelling#Removal of diacritics|e]] ([[Republican Spelling System|é]])}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ايـ}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|e (é)}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـيـ}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|e (é)}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـيـ}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|e (é)}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـي}}{{ref|b|[b]}}
|-

! Example
| {{lang|ms|ekor}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ايکور}} || {{lang|ms|tengok}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|تيڠوق}} || {{lang|ms|rendang}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ريندڠ}} || {{lang|ms|sate}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ساتي}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ə/}}, i.e., {{lang|ms|e-pepet}}
! Spelling
| {{lang|ms|[[New Rumi Spelling#Removal of diacritics|e]] (ĕ)}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ا}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|e (ĕ)}} || (omitted){{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|e (ĕ)}} || (omitted){{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|e (ĕ)}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـى}},{{ref|d|[d]}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ـا}}{{ref|b|[b]}}
|-

! Example
| {{lang|ms|empat}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|امڤت}} || {{lang|ms|bersih}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|برسيه}} || {{lang|ms|sempit}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|سمڤيت}} || {{lang|ms|nasionalisme, memetabolismekan}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ناسيوناليسمى, ممتابوليسماکن}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| {{IPAslink|i}}, {{IPAblink|e}} in closed final syllables of root morphemes
! Spelling
|  {{lang|ms|i}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ايـ}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|i}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـيـ}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|i}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـيـ}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|i}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـي}}
|-

! Example
| {{lang|ms|ibu}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ايبو}} || {{lang|ms|tiga}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|تيݢ}} || {{lang|ms|hampir}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|همڤير}} || {{lang|ms|kiri}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|کيري}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| {{IPAslink|o}} mostly, {{IPAslink|ɔ}} in some words
! Spelling
|  {{lang|ms|o}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|او}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|o}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـو}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|o}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـو}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|o}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـو}}{{ref|b|[b]}}
|-
! Example
| {{lang|ms|obor}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|اوبور}} || {{lang|ms|bola}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|بولا}} || {{lang|ms|esok}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ايسوق}} || {{lang|ms|soto}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|سوتو}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| {{IPAslink|u}}, {{IPAblink|o}} in closed final syllables of root morphemes
! Spelling
|  {{lang|ms|u}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|او}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|u}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـو}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|u}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـو}}{{ref|b|[b]}} || {{lang|ms|u}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـو}}{{ref|b|[b]}}
|-
! Example
| {{lang|ms|ubi}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|اوبي}} || {{lang|ms|rugi}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|روݢي}} || {{lang|ms|tun}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|تون}} || {{lang|ms|biru}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|بيرو}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| {{IPAslink|ai̯}}
! Spelling
|  {{lang|ms|ai}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}يـ}}{{ref|e|[e]}} || {{lang|ms|ai}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـايـ}} || {{lang|ms|ai}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}يـ}} || {{lang|ms|ai}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـاي}}
|-
! Example
| {{lang|ms|aiskrim}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}يسکريم}} || {{lang|ms|baiduri}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|بايدوري}} || {{lang|ms|sait}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|سا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}يت}} || {{lang|ms|ramai}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|راماي}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| {{IPAslink|au̯}}
! Spelling
|  {{lang|ms|au}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}و}}{{ref|e|[e]}} || {{lang|ms|au}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـاو}} || {{lang|ms|au}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}و}} || {{lang|ms|au}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـاو}}
|-

! Example
| {{lang|ms|aur}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}ور}} || {{lang|ms|sauna}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ساونا}} || {{lang|ms|taun}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|تا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}ون}} || {{lang|ms|pulau}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ڤولاو}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| {{IPAslink|oi̯}}
! Spelling
|  {{lang|ms|oi}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|اوويـ}} || {{lang|ms|oi}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـويـ}} || {{lang|ms|oi}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـو{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}يـ}} || {{lang|ms|oi}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ـوي}}
|-

! Example
| {{lang|ms|oidium}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|اوويديوم}} || {{lang|ms|boikot}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|بويکوت}} || {{lang|ms|eksploit}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|ايکسڤلو{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}يت}} || {{lang|ms|sepoi}} || {{lang|ms-Arab|سڤوي}}
|-
|}

{{refbegin}}
* {{note|a|a}} When spelling vowels, there are many exceptions to the conventions stated above and below. Common exceptions include {{lang|ms|ada}} {{lang|ms-Arab|اد}}, {{lang|ms|di}} {{lang|ms-Arab|د}}, {{lang|ms|dia}} {{lang|ms-Arab|دي}}, {{lang|ms|dan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|دان}}, {{lang|ms|ia}} {{lang|ms-Arab|اي}}, {{lang|ms|jika}} {{lang|ms-Arab|جک}}, {{lang|ms|juga}} {{lang|ms-Arab|جوݢ}}, {{lang|ms|lima}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ليم}}, {{lang|ms|ke}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ک}}, {{lang|ms|kita}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کيت}}, {{lang|ms|mereka}} {{lang|ms-Arab|مريک}}, {{lang|ms|ini}} {{lang|ms-Arab|اين}}, {{lang|ms|itu}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ايت}}, {{lang|ms|pada}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ڤد}}, {{lang|ms|suka}} {{lang|ms-Arab|سوک}}, and {{lang|ms|tiga}} {{lang|ms-Arab|تيݢ}}.
* {{note|b|b}} Some words spelled distinctly in Rumi may be [[homographs]] in Jawi, e.g., {{lang|ms|sembilan}} and {{lang|ms|sambilan}} are both {{lang|ms-Arab|سمبيلن}}, {{lang|ms|markah}} and {{lang|ms|merekah}} are both {{lang|ms-Arab|مرکه}}, {{lang|ms|sesi}} and {{lang|ms|sisi}} are both {{lang|ms-Arab|سيسي}}, {{lang|ms|biro}} and {{lang|ms|biru}} are both {{lang|ms-Arab|بيرو}}, {{lang|ms|borong}} and {{lang|ms|burung}} are both {{lang|ms-Arab|بوروڠ}}, and {{lang|ms|golong}} and {{lang|ms|gulung}} are both {{lang|ms-Arab|ݢولوڠ}}.
* {{note|c|c}} Using or omitting {{lang|ms|alif}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ا}} when representing {{IPA|/a/}} in closed syllables and in the last letter of a root morpheme:

: When representing {{IPA|/a/}}, {{lang|ms|alif}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ا}} is mostly omitted in [[Consonant|C]][[Vowel|V]][[Consonant|C]]-syllables.

: However, it is usually not omitted in monosyllabic words that start with {{lang|ms|wau}} {{lang|ms-Arab|و}}, e.g., {{lang|ms|wau}} {{lang|ms-Arab|واو}}, {{lang|ms|wap}} {{lang|ms-Arab|واڤ}}, {{lang|ms|wang}} {{lang|ms-Arab|واڠ}}.

: It is also usually not omitted in root morphemes which first syllable is open and contains {{IPA|/e/}} and which second syllable is closed and begins with {{IPA|/wa/}}, e.g., words with a /Ce.waC/ structure (where each C is a consonant) like {{lang|ms|lewah}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ليواه}}, {{lang|ms|mewah}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ميواه}}, {{lang|ms|dewan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ديوان}}, {{lang|ms|tewas}} {{lang|ms-Arab|تيواس}}, {{lang|ms|rewang}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ريواڠ}}, {{lang|ms|gewang}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ݢواڠ}}, {{lang|ms|sewat}} {{lang|ms-Arab|سيوات}}, {{lang|ms|kelewang}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کليواڠ}}, {{lang|ms|kedewas}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کديواس}}, {{lang|ms|dewangga}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ديواڠݢ}}.

: Final {{lang|ms|alif}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ا}} is generally kept to represent {{IPAslink|a}} {{IPAblink|ə}} at the end of a word.

: However, in native Malay disyllabic root morphemes with the form /Ca.C*a/ [Ca.C*ə], where /C*/ is any of the following 12 consonants {{lang|ms|ba}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ب}}, {{lang|ms|ta}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ت}}, {{lang|ms|pa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ڤ}}, {{lang|ms|sin}} {{lang|ms-Arab|س}}, {{lang|ms|ga}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ݢ}}, {{lang|ms|nun}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ن}}, {{lang|ms|nya}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ڽ}}, {{lang|ms|ca}} {{lang|ms-Arab|چ}}, {{lang|ms|kaf}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ک}}, {{lang|ms|jim}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ج}}, {{lang|ms|mim}} {{lang|ms-Arab|م}}, {{lang|ms|ya}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ی}} ([[mnemonic]]: {{lang|ms|betapa segannya cik jam}} {{lang|ms-Arab|بتاڤ سݢنڽ چيق جم}}), final {{lang|ms|alif}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ا}} is not written, e.g., {{lang|ms|raba}} {{lang|ms-Arab|راب}}, {{lang|ms|mata}} {{lang|ms-Arab|مات}}, {{lang|ms|sapa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ساڤ}}, {{lang|ms|rasa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|راس}}, {{lang|ms|raga}} {{lang|ms-Arab|راݢ}}, {{lang|ms|mana}} {{lang|ms-Arab|مان}}, {{lang|ms|hanya}} {{lang|ms-Arab|هاڽ}}, {{lang|ms|baca}} {{lang|ms-Arab|باچ}}, {{lang|ms|raya}} {{lang|ms-Arab|راي}}, {{lang|ms|baka}} {{lang|ms-Arab|باک}}, {{lang|ms|raja}} {{lang|ms-Arab|راج}}, {{lang|ms|nama}} {{lang|ms-Arab|نام}}, and {{lang|ms|sama}} {{lang|ms-Arab|سام}}.

: Some native Malay trisyllabic root morphemes ending with {{IPAslink|a}} {{IPAblink|ə}}, with three open syllables and which include the abovementioned 12 consonants, may also omit the final {{lang|ms|alif}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ا}}.

* {{note|d|d}} As the final letter of a word, root morpheme-final {{IPAslink|ə}} that is spelled with {{lang|ms|e}} in Rumi may be represented by {{lang|ms|ye}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ى}} in Jawi. In the middle of a word, root morpheme-final {{IPA|/ə/}} that is spelled with {{lang|ms|e}} in Rumi may be represented by {{lang|ms|alif}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ا}} in Jawi instead, e.g., {{lang|ms|fatwa}} {{lang|ms-Arab|فتوى}} → {{lang|ms|memfatwakan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ممفتواکن}}, {{lang|ms|metabolisme}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ميتابوليسمى}} → {{lang|ms|memetabolismekan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ممتابوليسماکن}}.
* {{note|e|e}} The {{lang|ms|hamzah}} may be used to spell some diphthongs. Sources differ as to whether and when it should be on the line {{lang|ms-Arab|ء}}, or placed above the previous mater lectionis, such as in {{lang|ms|alif}} with {{lang|ms|hamzah}} above {{lang|ms-Arab|أ}}, or even if it should be used at all in some words.

: Furthermore, it may be used to represent a [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]], or a glottal stop {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, especially when (but not limited to) separating vowels at the boundary of a root morpheme and an affix, e.g., {{lang|ms|dato{{`}}}} {{lang|ms-Arab|داتو{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}}}, {{lang|ms|baik}} {{lang|ms-Arab|با{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}يق}}, {{lang|ms|mulai}} {{lang|ms-Arab|مولا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}ي}}, {{lang|ms|bau}} {{lang|ms-Arab|با{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}و}}, {{lang|ms|daun}} {{lang|ms-Arab|دا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}ون}}, {{lang|ms|laut}} {{lang|ms-Arab|لا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter|4.5}}وت}}, {{lang|ms|peperiksaan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ڤڤريقسا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}ن}}, {{lang|ms|kemerdekaan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کمرديکا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}ن}}, {{lang|ms|diambil}} {{lang|ms-Arab|دأمبيل}}, {{lang|ms|dielakkan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|دأيلقکن}}, {{lang|ms|diertikan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|دأرتيکن}}, {{lang|ms|diikuti}} {{lang|ms-Arab|دأيکوتي}}, {{lang|ms|diolah}} {{lang|ms-Arab|دأوله}}, {{lang|ms|diutamakan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|دأوتاماکن}}, {{lang|ms|keadaan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کأدا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}ن}}, {{lang|ms|keempat}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کأمڤت}}, {{lang|ms|keindahan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کأيندهن}}, {{lang|ms|keupayaan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|کأوڤايا{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}ن}}, {{lang|ms|seakan-akan}} {{lang|ms-Arab|سأکن-اکن}}, {{lang|ms|seekor}} {{lang|ms-Arab|سأيکور}}, {{lang|ms|seorang}} {{lang|ms-Arab|سأورڠ}}, {{lang|ms|e-mel}} {{lang|ms-Arab|إي-ميل}}, {{lang|ms|eh!}} {{lang|ms-Arab|إيه‮!‬}}, {{lang|ms|ateisme}} {{lang|ms-Arab|اتيئيسمى}}, {{lang|ms|diet}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ديئت}}.
{{refend}}

* [[Arabic numerals]] are the preferred form for writing numerals in Jawi script, [[Eastern Arabic numerals]] are generally not used (except when indicating plural words, i.e., {{lang|ms|askar-askar}} = {{lang|ms-Arab|عسکر٢}}).

{| class="wikitable"
! Arabic numerals
| 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|}

: [[Malay grammar#Reduplication|Full reduplication]] of a base word is represented with the numeral {{lang|ms-Arab|٢}}, e.g., {{lang|ms|anak-anak}} {{lang|ms-Arab|انق٢}},  while the suffixed reduplication of a base word is represented with the hyphen "-", e.g., {{lang|ms|berhati-hati}} {{lang|ms-Arab|برهاتي-هاتي}}, {{lang|ms|sayur-sayuran}} {{lang|ms-Arab|سايور-سايورن}}, and {{lang|ms|gunung-ganang}} {{lang|ms-Arab|ݢونوڠ-ݢانڠ}}.

*[[Punctuation]] marks used in written Jawi are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan=2| Punctuation mark
! colspan=2| Malay name
! rowspan=2| Rumi
! rowspan=2| Jawi
|-
! Rumi
! Jawi
|-
| Comma
| {{lang|ms|Tanda koma}}
| {{lang|ms-Arab|تندا کوما}}
|,
| {{Script|Arab|⹁}}
|-
| Semicolon
| {{lang|ms|Tanda koma bertitik}}
| {{lang|ms-Arab|تندا کوما برتيتيق}}
|;
| {{Script|Arab|⁏}}
|-
| Question mark
| {{lang|ms|Tanda soal}}
| {{lang|ms-Arab|تندا سو{{Jawi-HamzaThreeQuarter}}ال}}
|?
| {{Script|Arab|؟}}
|}