Editing Jew's harp (section)

==Use==
[[File:Pražský jarmark 365.jpg|thumb|Man playing the Slovak {{Lang|sk|drumbľa}}]]	
[[File:Jews+Harp+-+480.jpg|thumb|Woman playing the Rajasthani ''morchang'']]

===Cambodian music===
The [[angkuoch]] (Khmer: {{Lang|km|អង្គួច}}) is a Cambodian Jew's harp.<ref name=jewsharp>{{cite web|url= https://mouthmusic.com/trumps.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/19990908054109/http://www.mouthmusic.com/trumps.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= September 8, 1999|title= Cambodian Bamboo Jew's Harps|last= Poss|first= M.D.|website=Mouthmusic.com|access-date= 27 October 2018|quote= ... these bamboo Jew's harps are easy to hold and may be longer lasting due to being made of thicker material than many other similar instruments. Held against the lips, they are easy to play and offer the same full, percussive sound as the "Kubings."}}</ref> It is a folk instrument made of bamboo and carved into a long, flat shape with a hole in the center and the tongue across the hole.<ref name=unesco>{{cite book |last1= Khean|first1=Yun |last2= Dorivan|first2= Keo|last3= Lina |first3= Y|last4= Lenna|first4= Mao|title= Traditional Musical Instruments of Cambodia|url= http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001352/135257mb.pdf|location= Kingdom of Cambodia|publisher= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|pages= 146–147 }}</ref> There is also a metal variety, more round or tree-leaf shaped.<ref name=unesco/> It may also have metal bells attached.<ref name=unesco/> The instrument is both a wind instrument and percussion instrument.<ref name=jewsharp/><ref name=unesco/> As a wind instrument, it is placed against the mouth, which acts as a resonator and tool to alter the sound.<ref name=unesco/> Although mainly a folk instrument, better-made examples exist.<ref name=unesco/> While the instrument was thought to be the invention of children herding cattle, it is sometimes used in public performance, to accompany the [[Mahori]] music in public dancing.<ref name=unesco/>

===Indian music===
The instrument is used as part of the rhythm section in various styles of Indian folk and classical music. Most notably the [[Morsing]] in the [[Carnatic music]] of South India,<ref>(1999). South Asia : The Indian Subcontinent. Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 5. Publisher: Routledge; Har/Com. {{isbn|978-0-82404946-1}}.</ref> or the ''Morchang'' in the folk music of [[Rajasthan]].

===Russian music===
In Russia, the instrument has its own brand called ''vargan''.<ref name="t301">{{cite book | last1=Abrashev | first1=B. | last2=Radevsky | first2=A. | last3=Gadjev | first3=V. | title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments: From All Eras and Regions of the World | publisher=Könemann | year=2000 | isbn=978-3-8290-6079-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Yw7AQAAIAAJ | page=136}}</ref> A Jew's harp was excavated in a 9th-century burial mound in Idelbayev, [[Bashkortostan]].<ref>[https://musark.no/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Thesis-intro.pdf Jew's Harps in European Archaeology]</ref>
The Jew's harp was banned in the USSR during the regime of [[Joseph Stalin]] due to its closeness to [[Shamanism]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/939/#.WHCF67GZOHs | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620150926/http://russia-ic.com/culture_art/music/939/#.WHCF67GZOHs | archive-date=20 June 2015 | title=Vargan, the Russian Jew's-harp :: Music :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre }}</ref>

===Nepali tradition===
====Murchunga====
[[Image:Murchunga.jpg|right|thumb|Brass {{Transliteration|ne|murchunga}}, unknown maker. Length: {{convert|11|cm|in|abbr=in|frac=4}}]]
In Nepal, one type of Jew's harp is named the {{Transliteration|ne|murchunga}} ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]: {{Lang|ne|मुर्चुङ्गा}}).<ref name=museum>{{cite web |publisher=Nepali Folk Musical Instrument Museum |place=Kathmandu |title=Photo Gallery |url= http://musicmuseumnepal.org/gallery-9/}}</ref> It is very similar to an Indian ''morsing'' or ''morchang'' in that the tongue (or twanger) extends beyond the frame, thus giving the instrument more sustain.<ref name=Konemann>{{cite book |editor1-last=Nikolova |editor1-first=Ivanka |editor2-last=Davey |editor2-first= Laura |editor3-last= Dean |editor3-first= Geoffrey |title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments | publisher= Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|place= Cologne |date= 2000 |pages= 94–101 }}</ref>

====Binayo====
The {{Transliteration|ne|binayo}} ([[Nepali language|Nepali]] {{Lang|ne|बिनायो बाजा}}) is a bamboo Jew's harp, in the [[Kiranti]] musical tradition from Malingo. It is popular in the Eastern Himalayan region of [[Nepal]], [[Sikkim]], [[Darjeeling]], and [[Bhutan]]. It is a wind instrument played by blowing the air without tuning the node with fingers. The {{Transliteration|ne|binayo}} is six inches long and one inch in width.<ref name="MyUser_Schoolgk.com_April_27_2016c">{{cite web |url=http://schoolgk.com/articles/folk-musical-instruments-of-nepal.html |title=Folk musical Instruments Of Nepal |newspaper=Schoolgk.com |access-date= April 27, 2016}}</ref>

===Turkic traditional music===
{{See also|Music in the Tuva Republic|Music in the Sakha Republic|Wooden jaw harp}}

====Kyrgyz music====
The ''[[temir komuz]]'' is made of iron, usually with a length of 100–200&nbsp;mm and with a width of approximately 2–7&nbsp;mm. The range of the instrument varies with the size of the instrument but generally hovers around an [[octave]] span. The [[Kyrgyz people]] are exceptionally proficient on the instrument and it is quite popular among children, although some adults continue to play the instrument.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} ''Temir komuz'' pieces were notated by [[Aleksandr Zatayevich|Aleksandr Zataevich]] in two or three parts. An [[octave]] [[Drone (music)|drone]] is possible, or even an [[ostinato]] alternating the [[Fifth step (musical scale)|fifth]] step of a [[Musical scale|scale]] with an octave.<ref>{{cite book |last=Slobin |first=Mark |title=Kirgiz Instrumental Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIRnaq0_Il8C&pg=PA20 |access-date=February 23, 2014 |year=1969 |publisher=Theodore Front Music |isbn=978-0-614-16459-6 |page=20}}</ref>

==== Turkish music ====
In Turkish, the Jew's harp is called as ağız kopuzu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hopeful Sound of the Wind: Mouth Harp |url=https://en.turktoyu.com/hopeful-sound-of-the-wind-mouth-harp |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=En.turktoyu.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ayci̇l |first1=Serkan |last2=Çubukcu |first2=Gökçin |date=2022-03-30 |title=TÜRK MÛSİKÎ ÇALGILARININ VE ROMAN KÜLTÜRÜNDEKİ ÇALGI GELENEĞİNİN POSTA PULLARI ÜZERİNDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ataunigsfd/issue/69229/982309 |journal=Sanat Dergisi |language=tr |issue=39 |pages=44–57 |doi=10.54614/AI.2022.982309 |issn=1302-2938|doi-access=free }}</ref> The Jew's harp traditionally used in Turkish folk songs from Anatolia has fallen out of use with time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Apel |first=Willi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&dq=jews%27+harp+turkish+music&pg=PA429 |title=The Harvard Dictionary of Music: Fourth Edition |date=2003-11-28 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01163-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ağız Kopuzu Sanatı |url=https://aksaray.ktb.gov.tr/TR-232501/agiz-kopuzu-sanati.html |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Aksaray.ktb.gov.tr}}</ref> Modern renditions of Turkish folk songs with the Jew's harp have been done by artists such as [[:tr:Senem Diyici|Senem Diyici]] in the song 'Dolama Dolamayı' and Ravan Yuzkhan.[[File:Demir-Xomus.jpg|thumb|''Demir-khomus'' from [[Tuva]]]]

===Sindhi music===
In [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] music, the Jew's harp is called {{Transliteration|sd|changu}} ({{Lang|sd|چنگُ}}). In Sindhi music, it can be an accompaniment or the main instrument. One of the most famous players is [[Amir Bux Ruunjho (Musician)|Amir Bux Ruunjho]].<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kki4J7gX2O8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211111/Kki4J7gX2O8| archive-date=2021-11-11 | url-status=live|title=sindhi alghozo|date=9 July 2009|work=YouTube|access-date=20 June 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Sicilian music===
In [[Sicilian language|Sicily]], the Jew's harp is commonly known as marranzanu, but other names include angalarruni, calarruni, gangalarruni, ganghilarruni, mariolu, mariolu di fera, marranzana, and ngannalarruni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/SicilianLanguage/VocabEtoL.html |title=Sicilian Vocabulary |last=Dieli |first=Art |date=May 29, 2011 |website=Dieli.net |access-date=December 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Siciliamo">{{cite web|title=Sicilian Item of the day:Marranzano|publisher=Siciliamo (blog)|date=2007-08-10|url=http://siciliamo.blogspot.com/2007/08/sicilian-item-of-day-marranzano.html|access-date=2008-02-20 }}</ref>

===Austrian Jew's harp playing===
Austrian Jew's harp music uses typical Western [[harmony]]. The [[UNESCO]] has included Austrian Jew's harp playing in its [[Intangible Cultural Heritage]] list.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151003223728/http://immaterielleskulturerbe.unesco.at/cgi-bin/unesco/element.pl?eid=84&lang=en Intangible Cultural Heritage in Austria: Jew's Harp Playing in Austria] (archived version at the Internet Archive from October 3, 2015)</ref>

In Austria, the instrument is known as {{Lang|de|Maultrommel}} (the literal translation is 'mouth drum').

===Western classical music===
Early representations of Jew's harps have appeared in Western churches since the fourteenth century.<ref>{{cite web|title=For example, there is a carving of a centaur playing a jaw harp in the Basel Münster. Musiconis Database. Université Paris-Sorbonne|url=http://musiconis.huma-num.fr/fiche/120/Hybride+jouant+de+la+guimbarde|website=Musiconis.huma-num.fr|access-date=January 5, 2018|archive-date=November 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112101542/http://musiconis.huma-num.fr/fiche/120/Hybride%20jouant%20de%20la%20guimbarde|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Austrian composer [[Albrechtsberger|Johann Albrechtsberger]]—chiefly known today as a teacher of [[Beethoven]]—wrote seven concerti for Jew's harp, [[mandora]], and orchestra between 1769 and 1771. Four of them have survived, in the keys of F major, E-flat major, E major, and D major.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Albrechtsberger-Concerto-Jews-Johann-Georg/dp/B000005975 Albrechtsberger: Concerto for Jew's Harp], Amazon CD Listing (Munich Chamber Orchestra, December 19, 1992)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fondationlaborie.com/images/stories/notesdeprogramme/lc08_en.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-01-08 |archive-date=2022-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507130655/http://www.fondationlaborie.com/images/stories/notesdeprogramme/lc08_en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are based on the special use of the Jew's harp in Austrian folk music.

{{blockquote|In the experimental period at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century there were very virtuoso instrumentalists on the mouth harp. Thus, for example, [[Johann Heinrich Scheibler]] was able to mount up to ten mouth harps on a support disc. He called the instrument "Aura". Each mouth harp was tuned to different basic tones, which made even [[diatonic and chromatic|chromatic]] sequences possible.|Walter Maurer, translated from German<ref>Maurer, Walter (1983). ''Accordion: Handbuch eines Instruments, seiner historischen Entwicklung un seiner Literature'', p.19. Vienna: Edition Harmonia.</ref>}}

Well known performer [[Franz Koch (musician)|Franz Koch]] (1761–1831), discovered by [[Frederick the Great]], could play two Jew's harps at once, while the also well known performer [[Karl Eulenstein]] (1802–1890) "invented a system of playing four at once, connecting them by silken strings in such a way that he could clasp all four with the lips, and strike all the four springs at the same time".<ref>Burnley, James (1886). ''The Romance of Invention: Vignettes from the Annals of Industry and Science'', p.335. Cassell. {{pre-ISBN}}.</ref>

The American composer [[Charles Ives]] wrote a part for Jew's harp in the ''Washington's Birthday'' movement of ''[[A Symphony: New England Holidays]].''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=Leonard |title=The Jew's Harp: A Comprehensive Anthology |date=1988 |publisher=Associated University Presses, Inc. |pages=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75NF_xIpENgC&q=charles+ives+jews+harp&pg=PA33 |access-date=12 May 2015 |isbn=9780838751169}}</ref>

===Western music===
[[File:Klangdemonstration Mollner Maultrommel - Wechselspieltechnik auf den Tönen c, d, g mit Spektrum (Spieler Roland Bades in Molln - Oberösterreich) DrTrumpet 2024-07-26.webm|thumb|Sound demonstration and spectrum of the Mollner Jew's harp (Austria) – alternating technique on the notes C, D, G]]
The Jew's harp has been used occasionally in rock and country music. For example:
* [[Canned Heat]]'s multi-part piece "Parthenogenesis", from their 1968 studio album, ''[[Living the Blues]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Graves|first=Tom|author-link=Tom Graves (writer)|title=Louise Brooks, Frank Zappa, & Other Charmers & Dreamers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NyNeDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT155|access-date=1 November 2018|date=30 April 2015|publisher=BookBaby|isbn=978-1-942531-07-4|page=155}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Winters|first=Rebecca Davis|title=Blind Owl Blues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbNCIDz9jQQC&pg=PA159|access-date=1 November 2018|year=2007|publisher=Blind Owl Blues|isbn=978-0-615-14617-1|page=159}}</ref>
* [[Black Sabbath]] – "Sleeping Village"<ref>Wells, David (2009). "Black Sabbath (1970)". Black Sabbath (CD Booklet). Black Sabbath. Sanctuary Records Group.</ref>
* [[The Who]] – "[[Join Together (The Who song)|Join Together]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Join Together by The Who |url=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/the-who/join-together |website=Songfacts |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>
* [[Neil Young]] - "Get Back To the Country"