Editing Jewish quota (section)

===Russia===

''Numerus Clausus'' was enacted in 1887, stating that the share of Jewish students should be no more than 10 percent in cities where [[Jew]]s were [[Pale of Settlement|allowed to live]], 5 percent in other cities, and only 3 percent in [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]. As well, there were quotas for Jewish and other non-Orthodox or non-Russian persons in joining the army.<ref>Tannberg, Tõnu (2006). Numerus clausus in der russischen Armee. Über die religösen und nationalen Beschränkungen bei der Komplettierung der Truppen in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Forschungen zur baltischen Geschichte, 1 (1), 125−135.</ref><ref>https://sisu.ut.ee/wp-content/uploads/sites/279/fzbg-1-2006.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=May 2025}}</ref> These limitations were removed in the spring of 1917 after the tsar's abdication during the early phase of the Russian revolution of 1917–1918 (the so-called [[February Revolution]] of 1917); later, in the late 1940s, during the initial phase of the [[Cold War]] and the tide of the anti-"[[rootless cosmopolitan]]" campaign, a [[de facto]] gross discrimination of Jewish applicants was reintroduced in many institutions of higher education in the [[Soviet Union]] until [[Perestroika]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=Mikhail Shifman |editor-link=Mikhail Shifman |title=You Failed Your Math Test, Comrade Einstein: Adventures and Misadventures of Young Mathematicians Or Test Your Skills in Almost Recreational Mathematics |publisher=World Scientific |date=2005 |isbn=9789812563583 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ho6fMF8ehogC}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Edward Frenkel |author-link=Edward Frenkel |title=The Fifth problem: math & anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union |date=October 2012 |journal=The New Criterion |url=http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/The-Fifth-problem--math---anti-Semitism-in-the-Soviet-Union-7446}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/dominic-lawson/dominic-lawson-more-migrants-please-especially-the-clever-ones-2368622.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220608/https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/dominic-lawson/dominic-lawson-more-migrants-please-especially-the-clever-ones-2368622.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |date=October 11, 2011 |title=More migrants please, especially the clever ones|author=Dominic Lawson|author-link=Dominic Lawson}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Andre Geim |author-link=Andre Geim |title=Biographical |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=2010 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/geim-bio.html}}</ref>