Editing Judaizers (section)

===Russia===
{{main|Heresy of the Judaizers}}
Skhariya or [[Zacharias the Jew]] from Caffa led a sect of Judaizers in Russia. In 1480, Grand Prince [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]] invited some of Zacharias's prominent adherents to visit Moscow. The Judaizers enjoyed the support of high-ranking officials, of statesmen, of merchants, of [[Elena of Moldavia|Yelena Stefanovna]] (wife of [[Ivan the Young]], heir to the throne) and of Ivan's favorite deacon and diplomat [[Fyodor Kuritsyn]]. The latter even decided to establish his own club in the mid-1480s. However, in the end Ivan III renounced his ideas of secularization and allied with the Orthodox Christian clergy. The struggle against the adherents was led by hegumen [[Joseph Volotsky]] and his followers (иосифляне, ''iosiflyane'' or Josephinians) and by [[Gennady of Novgorod|Archbishop Gennady]] of Novgorod. After uncovering adherents in Novgorod around 1487, Gennady wrote a series of letters to other churchmen over several years calling on them to convene ''sobors'' ("church councils") with the intention "not to debate them, but to burn them". Such councils took place in 1488, 1490, 1494 and 1504. The councils outlawed religious and non-religious books and initiated their burning, sentenced a number of people to death, sent adherents into exile, and excommunicated them. In 1491, Zacharias the Jew was executed in Novgorod by the order of Ivan III.

At various times since then, the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] has described several related [[Spiritual Christianity|Spiritual Christian]] groups as having a Judaizing character; the accuracy of this label – which was influenced by the early Christian polemics against Judaizers – has been disputed.{{by whom|date=November 2021}} The most famous of the [[Russian Empire]]'s Judaizing sects were the [[Karaimites]]<ref>S.V. Bulgakov "Handbook of heresies, sects and schisms", under Караимиты</ref><ref>
under Louis H. Gray's entry "Judaizing" section 8 "Recrudescent forms" subsection C "Karaimites" on page 612 in Volume 7 of "[[Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics]]" HardPress. 2013. {{cite book
 | title= Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics|volume=7|page=612
 | last1=Gray|first1=Louis Herbert |editor1-last=Hastings |editor1-first=James 
 | url= https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofr07hastuoft#page/612/mode/2up/search/Karaimites
 | publisher=T and T Clark, Edinburgh|date=1914|entry=Judaizing
}}
</ref>
or [[Karaimites|Karaimizing-Subbotniks]] like [[Alexander Zaïd]] (1886–1938) who successfully settled in the Holy Land from 1904.