Editing Keep (section)

===Later use and destruction of keeps (17th–21st centuries)===
{{Multiple image|direction=horizontal|align=right|image1=The hexagonal Great Tower, Raglan Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1531739.jpg|image2=Raglan keep.png|width=190|caption1=|caption2=The [[slighting|slighted]] keep of [[Raglan Castle]], Wales}}
[[File:Royal Naval Dockyard Bermuda circa 1899 Ordnance Survey map by Lieutenant Arthur Johnson Savage, RE.jpg|thumb|1899 Ordnance Survey map of the fortified [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Royal Naval Dockyard]] (to become the ''North Yard'' on completion of the South Yard, shown then under construction) in the [[Imperial fortress]] [[British Overseas Territory|colony]] of [[Bermuda]], with its Keep at the northern (right) end]]
From the 17th century onwards, some keeps were deliberately destroyed. In England, many were destroyed after the end of the [[Second English Civil War]] in 1649, when Parliament took steps to prevent another royalist uprising by [[slighting]], or damaging, castles so as to prevent them from having any further military utility. Slighting was quite expensive and took considerable effort to carry out, so damage was usually done in the most cost-efficient fashion with only selected walls being destroyed.<ref>Bull, p.134.</ref> Keeps were singled out for particular attention in this process because of their continuing political and cultural importance, and the prestige they lent their former royalist owners – at [[Kenilworth Castle|Kenilworth]], for example, only the keep was slighted, and at [[Raglan Castle|Raglan]], the keep was the main focus of parliamentary activity.<ref>Johnson, p.174.</ref> There was some equivalent destruction of keeps in France in the 17th and 18th centuries, such as the slighting of [[Château de Montaiguillon|Montaiguillon]] by [[Cardinal Richelieu]] in 1624, but the catalogue of damage was far less than that of the 1640s and early 1650s in England.<ref>Châtelain, p.38-9.</ref>

In England, ruined medieval castles became fashionable again in the middle of the 18th century. They were considered an interesting counterpoint to [[Palladian architecture|Palladian classical architecture]], and gave a degree of medieval allure to their owners.<ref>Gerrard, p.16; Creighton, p.85.</ref> Some keeps were modified to exaggerate this effect: [[Hawarden Castle (medieval)|Hawarden]], for example, was remodelled to appear taller but also more decayed, the better to produce a good silhouette.<ref>Pettifer (2000a), p.75.</ref> The interest continued and, in the late 18th and 19th century, it became fashionable to build intact, replica castles in England, resulting in what A. Rowan has called the ''Norman style'' of new castle building, characterised by the inclusion of large keeps; the final replica keep to be built in this way was at [[Penrhyn Castle|Penrhyn]] between 1820 and 1840.<ref>Thompson (1994), p.162, citing Rowan (1952).</ref>

{{Multiple image|direction=horizontal|align=left|image1=Chateau pierrefonds143.jpg|image2=Pierrefonds Donjon Ground Floor Plan.png|width=170|caption1=|caption2=The keep of [[Château de Pierrefonds]], France, rebuilt during the 19th century in a [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style}}
Where there was an existing castle on a site, another response across 19th-century Europe was to attempt to improve the buildings, bringing their often chaotic historic features into line with a more integrated architectural aesthetic, in a style often termed [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revivalism]].<ref name=JonesP4>Jones, p.4.</ref> There were numerous attempts to restore or rebuild keeps so as to produce this consistently Gothic style: in England, the architect [[Anthony Salvin]] was particularly prominent – as illustrated by reworking and heightening of the keep at [[Windsor Castle]], while in France, [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]] reworked the keeps at castles in locations like [[Château de Pierrefonds|Pierrefonds]] during the 1860s and 1870s, admittedly in a largely speculative fashion, since the original keep had been mostly destroyed in 1617.<ref>Hanser, pp.181–2, 184; Jones, p.4.</ref>

The [[Spanish Civil War]] and [[First World War|First]] and [[Second World War]]s in the 20th century caused damage to many castle keeps across Europe; in particular, the famous keep at [[Château de Coucy|Coucy]] was destroyed by the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]] in 1917.<ref>Thompson, rise, p.44.</ref> By the late 20th century the conservation of castle keeps formed part of government policy across France, England, Ireland, and Spain.<ref>Stubbs and Makaš, p.98.</ref> In the 21st century in England, most keeps are in ruins and form part of the [[tourism]] and [[cultural heritage|heritage]] industries, rather than being used as functioning buildings – the keep of [[Windsor Castle]] being a rare exception. In Germany, large numbers of the ''[[bergfried]]'' towers were restored as functional buildings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, often as government offices or [[youth hostel]]s, or the modern conversion of tower houses, which in many cases have become modernised domestic homes.<ref>Taylor, pp.285–8, 291.</ref>