Editing Knowledge (section)

=== Others ===
Various other types of knowledge are discussed in the academic literature. In philosophy, "self-knowledge" refers to a person's knowledge of their own [[Sense|sensations]], [[thought]]s, beliefs, and other mental states. A common view is that self-knowledge is more direct than knowledge of the external world, which relies on the interpretation of sense data. Because of this, it is traditionally claimed that self-knowledge is indubitable, like the claim that a person cannot be wrong about whether they are in pain. However, this position is not universally accepted in the contemporary discourse and an alternative view states that self-knowledge also depends on interpretations that could be false.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Gertler|2021|loc=Lead Section, § 1. The Distinctiveness of Self-Knowledge}} | {{harvnb|Gertler|2010|p=1}} | {{harvnb|McGeer|2001|pp=13837–13841}} }}</ref> In a slightly different sense, [[Self-knowledge (psychology)|self-knowledge]] can also refer to knowledge of the [[self]] as a persisting entity with certain [[personality traits]], [[preference]]s, physical attributes, relationships, goals, and [[Identity (social science)|social identities]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Gertler|2021a}} | {{harvnb|Morin|Racy|2021|pp=373–374}} | {{harvnb|Kernis|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r0gahbOYsU4C&pg=PA209 209]}} }}</ref>{{efn|Individuals may lack a deeper understanding of their character and feelings and attaining self-knowledge is one step in [[psychoanalysis]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wilson|2002|pp=3–4}} | {{harvnb|Reginster|2017|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pr5LDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 231–232]}} }}</ref>}}

[[Metaknowledge]] is knowledge about knowledge. It can arise in the form of self-knowledge but includes other types as well, such as knowing what someone else knows or what information is contained in a scientific article. Other aspects of metaknowledge include knowing how knowledge can be acquired, stored, distributed, and used.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Evans|Foster|2011|pp=721–725}} | {{harvnb|Rescher|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=o7m3amAbDEsC&pg=PA20 20]}} | {{harvnb|Cox|Raja|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OR4Ld8NeFE8C&pg=PA134 134]}} | {{harvnb|Leondes|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5kSamKhS560C&pg=PA416 416]}} }}</ref>

[[Common knowledge]] is knowledge that is publicly known and shared by most individuals within a community. It establishes a common ground for communication, understanding, social cohesion, and cooperation.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Desouza|Awazu|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GRyBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 53]}} | {{harvnb|Jorna|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KKo0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT340 340]}} | {{harvnb|Faber|Maruster|Jorna|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KKo0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT340 340]}} }}</ref> [[General knowledge]] encompasses common knowledge but also includes knowledge that many people have been exposed to but may not be able to immediately recall.<ref>{{harvnb|Schneider|McGrew|2022|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bqKgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 115–116]}}</ref> Common knowledge contrasts with [[domain knowledge]] or specialized knowledge, which belongs to a specific domain and is only possessed by experts.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Faber|Maruster|Jorna|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KKo0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT340 340]}} | {{harvnb|Vempala|2014|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qfcOBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA277 Creativity, Theories of Musical]}} }}</ref>

{{Anchor|Situated knowledge}}
'''Situated knowledge''' is knowledge specific to a particular situation.<ref name="auto4">{{multiref | {{harvnb|APA staff|2022}} | {{harvnb|Hunter|2009|pp=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230244481_23 151–153]}} }}</ref> It is closely related to practical or tacit knowledge, which is learned and applied in specific circumstances. This especially concerns certain forms of acquiring knowledge, such as [[trial and error]] or learning from experience.<ref>{{harvnb|Barnett|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WX9UVK6FYSkC&pg=PA146 146–147]}}</ref> In this regard, situated knowledge usually lacks a more explicit structure and is not articulated in terms of universal ideas.<ref>{{harvnb|Hunter|2009|pp=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230244481_23 151–153]}}</ref> The term is often used in [[feminism]] and [[postmodernism]] to argue that many forms of knowledge are not absolute but depend on the concrete historical, cultural, and linguistic context.<ref name="auto4"/>

[[Explicit knowledge]] is knowledge that can be fully articulated, shared, and explained, like the knowledge of historical dates and mathematical formulas. It can be acquired through traditional learning methods, such as reading books and attending lectures. It contrasts with [[tacit knowledge]], which is not easily articulated or explained to others, like the ability to recognize someone's face and the practical expertise of a master craftsman. Tacit knowledge is often learned through first-hand experience or direct practice.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Gascoigne|Thornton|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IVlsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 8, 37, 81, 108]}} | {{harvnb|Hill|2009|loc=[https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/knowledge-based-view-firm § Idiosyncratic Views of Knowledge]}} }}</ref>

[[Cognitive load theory]] distinguishes between biologically primary and secondary knowledge. Biologically primary knowledge is knowledge that humans have as part of their evolutionary heritage, such as knowing how to recognize faces and speech and many general problem-solving capacities. Biologically secondary knowledge is knowledge acquired because of specific social and cultural circumstances, such as knowing how to read and write.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Sweller|Ayres|Kalyuga|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sSAwbd8qOAAC&pg=PA3 3–4]}} | {{harvnb|Sweller|2010|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mFJe8ZnAb3EC&pg=PA31 31]}} }}</ref>

Knowledge can be [[Belief#Occurrent and dispositional|occurrent or dispositional]]. Occurrent knowledge is knowledge that is actively involved in cognitive processes. Dispositional knowledge, by contrast, lies dormant in the back of a person's mind and is given by the mere ability to access the relevant information. For example, if a person knows that cats have [[whiskers]] then this knowledge is dispositional most of the time and becomes occurrent while they are thinking about it.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Stroll|2023|loc=§ Occasional and Dispositional Knowledge}} | {{harvnb|Bartlett|2018|pp=[https://philpapers.org/rec/BAROS-4 1–2]}} | {{harvnb|Schwitzgebel|2021}} }}</ref>

Many forms of Eastern spirituality and religion distinguish between higher and lower knowledge. They are also referred to as [[Para Vidya|para vidya]] and [[Vidya (philosophy)#Hierarchy of knowledge|apara vidya]] in [[Hinduism]] or the [[two truths doctrine]] in [[Buddhism]]. Lower knowledge is based on the senses and the intellect. It encompasses both mundane or conventional truths as well as discoveries of the empirical sciences.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Rambachan|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ORPkAf3SZBQC&pg=PA10 10–11]}} | {{harvnb|Thakchoe|2022|loc=Lead Section}} | {{harvnb|Mishra|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=v8s7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 52]}} | {{harvnb|Ghose|1998|loc=[https://incarnateword.in/cwsa/7/the-glory-of-god-in-man Political Writings and Speeches. 1890–1908: The Glory of God in Man]}} }}</ref> Higher knowledge is understood as knowledge of God, [[Absolute (philosophy)|the absolute]], the [[true self]], or the [[ultimate reality]]. It belongs neither to the external world of physical objects nor to the internal world of the experience of emotions and concepts. Many spiritual teachings stress the importance of higher knowledge to progress on the spiritual path and to see reality as it truly is beyond the [[Maya (religion)|veil of appearances]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Rambachan|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ORPkAf3SZBQC&pg=PA10 10–11]}} | {{harvnb|Mishra|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=v8s7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 52]}} | {{harvnb|Ghose|1998|loc=[https://incarnateword.in/cwsa/7/the-glory-of-god-in-man Political Writings and Speeches. 1890–1908: The Glory of God in Man]}} }}</ref>