Editing Language revitalization (section)

=== Revival linguistics ===
[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] proposes "Revival Linguistics" as a new linguistic discipline and paradigm.
{{Blockquote|Zuckermann's term 'Revival Linguistics' is modelled upon 'Contact Linguistics'. Revival linguistics inter alia explores the universal constraints and mechanisms involved in language reclamation, renewal and revitalization. It draws perspicacious comparative insights from one revival attempt to another, thus acting as an epistemological bridge between parallel discourses in various local attempts to revive sleeping tongues all over the globe.<ref>[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] and Walsh, Michael 2011. [https://adelaide.academia.edu/Zuckermann/Papers/267186/Stop_Revive_Survive_Lessons_from_the_Hebrew_Revival_Applicable_to_the_Reclamation_Maintenance_and_Empowerment_of_Aboriginal_Languages_and_Cultures 'Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures'], ''Australian Journal of Linguistics'' Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 111-127.</ref>}}

According to Zuckermann, "revival linguistics combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning. After all, language reclamation is the most extreme case of second-language learning. Revival linguistics complements the established area of [[language documentation|documentary linguistics]], which records endangered languages before they fall asleep."<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Zuckermann proposes that "revival linguistics changes the field of historical linguistics by, for instance, weakening the family [[tree model]], which implies that a language has only one parent."<ref name=autogenerated1 />

There are disagreements in the field of language revitalization as to the degree that revival should concentrate on maintaining the traditional language, versus allowing simplification or widespread borrowing from the [[majority language]].

==== Compromise ====
Zuckermann acknowledges the presence of "local peculiarities and idiosyncrasies"<ref name=autogenerated1>Ghil'ad Zuckermann, [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/opinion/stop-revive-and-survive/story-e6frgcko-1226385194433 "Stop, revive and survive"], ''The Australian, Higher Education'', June 6, 2012.</ref> but suggests that <blockquote>"there are linguistic constraints applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would help revivalists and first nations' leaders to work more efficiently. For example, it is easier to resurrect basic vocabulary and verbal conjugations than sounds and word order. Revivalists should be realistic and abandon discouraging, counter-productive slogans such as "Give us authenticity or give us death!"<ref name=autogenerated1 /></blockquote> [[Nancy Dorian]] has pointed out that conservative attitudes toward [[loanwords]] and grammatical changes often hamper efforts to revitalize endangered languages (as with [[Tiwi language|Tiwi]] in Australia), and that a division can exist between educated revitalizers, interested in historicity, and remaining speakers interested in locally authentic idiom (as has sometimes occurred with [[Irish language|Irish]]). Some have argued that structural compromise may, in fact, enhance the prospects of survival, as may have been the case with English in the post-[[Norman period]].<ref>Nancy C. Dorian, ‘Purism v. compromise in language revitalisation and language revival’ in 
''Language in Society'' 23, pp. 479-494.</ref>

==== Traditionalist ====
Other linguists have argued that when language revitalization borrows heavily from the majority language, the result is a new language, perhaps a [[creole language|creole]] or [[pidgin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Mari C. |title=Language Obsolescence and Revitalization: Linguistic Change in Two Sociolinguistically Contrasting Welsh Communities |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |isbn=9780198237112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9u_GG41b_8C&q=neo+breton+language&pg=PA323 |access-date=6 April 2017 |language=en |year=1998 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> For example, the existence of "Neo-Hawaiian" as a separate language from "Traditional Hawaiian" has been proposed, due to the heavy influence of English on every aspect of the revived Hawaiian language.<ref>{{cite journal |first=R. Keao |last=NeSmith |title=Tūtū's Hawaiian and the Emergence of a Neo Hawaiian Language |journal='Ōiwi Journal3—A Native Hawaiian Journal |date=2005 |url=http://hstrial-knesmith.homestead.com/Oiwi-Journal-_3-1-09_.pdf |access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref> This has also been proposed for Irish, with a sharp division between "Urban Irish" (spoken by second-language speakers) and traditional Irish (as spoken as a first language in [[Gaeltacht]] areas). Ó Béarra stated: "[to] follow the syntax and idiomatic conventions of English, [would be] producing what amounts to little more than English in Irish drag."<ref>{{cite conference |orig-year=2007 |editor-last=Tristram |editor-first=Hildegard L. C. |title=The Celtic Languages in Contact |conference=Thirteenth International Congress of Celtic Studies, Bonn, 26–27 July 2007 |publisher=[[University of Potsdam]] Press |isbn=978-3-940793-07-2 |pages=260–269 |first=Feargal |last=Ó Béarra |chapter=Modern Period: Late Modern Irish and the Dynamics of Language Change and Language Death |date=18 July 2008 |chapter-url=https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/1750/file/260_269.pdf |access-date=6 April 2017 |language=en }}</ref> With regard to the then-moribund [[Manx language]], the scholar T. F. O'Rahilly stated, "When a language surrenders itself to foreign idiom, and when all its speakers become bilingual, the penalty is death."<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Rahilly |first1=Thomas Francis |title=Irish Dialects Past and Present: With Chapters on Scottish and Manx |date=1932 |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |location=Dublin |page=121 |isbn=9780901282552 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmFiAAAAMAAJ |access-date=6 April 2017 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Neil McRae has stated that the uses of [[Scottish Gaelic]] are becoming increasingly tokenistic, and native Gaelic idiom is being lost in favor of artificial terms created by second-language speakers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McRae |first1=Neil |title=Dìlseachd, Lughad agus Saor-thoileachas: moladh airson iomairt Gàidhlig a dh'fhaodadh obrachadh |trans-title=Loyalty, Language and Volunteerism: a proposal for a Gaelic initiative that could work |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/3p75g1bowhtekzl/Dilseachd%2C%20Lughad%20agus%20Saor-thoileachas%20copy.pdf |access-date=6 April 2017 |language=gd}}</ref>