Editing Laptop (section)

==Hardware==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2016}}
{{Further|Personal computer|Computer hardware}}
[[File:Macbook_12_Retina_2015_Internal_Snapshot_(30433168804).jpg|thumb|right|Inner view of a [[MacBook (Retina)]] laptop]]
[[File:Samsung-1GB-DDR2-Laptop-RAM.jpg|thumb|right|A [[SODIMM]] memory module]]

The basic components of laptops function identically to their desktop counterparts. Traditionally they were [[miniaturized]] and adapted to mobile use, The design restrictions on power, size, and [[Laptop cooler|cooling]] of laptops limit the maximum performance of laptop parts compared to that of desktop components, although that difference has increasingly narrowed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dé specialist voor smartphone, tablet en laptop reparaties|title=Laptop reparatie|url=https://www.smart-repair.nl/laptop/|access-date=30 March 2017|work=Smartrepair Den Bosch, Nijmegen, Tilburg, Almere en Utrecht|agency=smart-repair.nl|date=4 January 2013|language=nl-NL}}</ref>

In general, laptop components are not intended to be replaceable or upgradable by the end-user, except for components that can be detached; in the past, batteries and optical drives were commonly exchangeable. In the past, many laptops featured socketed processors but as of 2025 virtually all laptops use processors that are soldered to the motherboard. Many laptops come with RAM that is soldered to the motherboard and cannot be easily replaced.

This restriction is one of the major differences between laptops and desktop computers, because the large "[[Computer tower|tower]]" cases used in desktop computers are designed so that new [[motherboard]]s, [[hard disk]]s, [[sound card]]s, [[RAM]], and other components can be added. Memory and storage can often be upgraded with some disassembly, but with the most compact laptops, there may be no upgradeable components at all.<ref>{{cite web|title=Microsoft Surface Pro 3 Teardown|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Microsoft+Surface+Pro+3+Teardown/26595|website=iFixit.com|date=23 June 2014|access-date=1 October 2014}}</ref>

The following sections summarize the differences and distinguishing features of laptop components in comparison to desktop personal computer parts.<ref name="parts-kate">{{cite web |title=What Makes Laptops Work&nbsp;– The Laptop Motherboard |url=http://mobileoffice.about.com/od/laptopstabletpcs/tp/laptopmotherboards.htm |author=Catherine Roseberry |website=About.com |access-date=15 November 2008 |archive-date=10 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210021556/http://mobileoffice.about.com/od/laptopstabletpcs/tp/laptopmotherboards.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Display===
The typical laptop has a screen in a clamshell form factor that when unfolded is upright to the user. Detachables typically use a kickstand to stay upright.

==== Screen technology ====
Laptop screens most commonly use [[liquid-crystal display|liquid-crystal display (LCD)]] technology, although [[OLED]] panels have been used in some models.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} The display interfaces with the motherboard using the [[embedded DisplayPort]] protocol via the [[low-voltage differential signaling|Low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS)]] 30 or 40 pin connector. Earlier laptops use the [[FPD-Link]] standard. The panels are mainly manufactured by [[AU Optronics]], [[BOE Technology]], [[LG Display]] or [[Samsung Display]].

==== Surface finish ====
Externally, it can be a ''glossy'' or a ''matte'' (anti-glare) screen.

==== Sizes ====
In the past, there was a broader range of marketing terms (both formal and informal) to distinguish between different sizes of laptops. These included [[netbook]]s, [[subnotebook]]s, [[ultra-mobile PC]], and [[desktop replacement computer]]s; these are sometimes still used informally, although they are generally not used anymore in manufacturer marketing.

{{As of|2021|post=,}} mainstream consumer laptops tend to come with 11", 13", 14", 15" or 16" screens. Larger and smaller models are available, but less common – there is no clear dividing line in minimum or maximum size. Machines small enough to be handheld (screens in the 6–8" range) can be marketed either as very small laptops or "handheld PCs", while the distinction between the largest laptops and "All-in-One" desktops is whether they fold for travel.

==== Resolution ====
Having a higher resolution display allows more items to fit onscreen at a time, improving the user's ability to multitask, although, at the higher resolutions on smaller screens, the resolution may only serve to display sharper graphics and text rather than increasing the usable area. Since the introduction of the [[MacBook Pro with Retina display]] in 2012, there has been an increase in the availability of "HiDPI" (or high [[pixel density]]) displays; {{as of|2025|post=,|lc=y}} this is generally considered to be anything higher than 1920 pixels wide. On PC laptops, this is most often 4K (3840-pixel-wide) resolution, although QHD (2560-pixel-wide) resolution is also a common option, and [[Display resolution standards|non-standard display resolutions]] are becoming more frequent.

External displays can be connected to most laptops, with most models supporting at least one.<ref name="3-Displays FAQ">{{cite web |title=Configuration 3-Displays FAQ |url=http://www.intel.com/support/graphics/sb/CS-033714.htm |access-date=16 September 2014 |website=Intel.com}}</ref> The use of technology such as [[USB4]] (section [[USB4#Alternate Mode partner specifications|Alternate Mode partner specifications]]). DisplayPort Alt Mode has been utilized to charge a laptop and provide display output over one USB-C Cable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple MacBook Pro 14 and 16 review: return to form |url=https://www.theverge.com/22751921/apple-macbook-pro-14-16-inch-2021-m1-pro-max-review |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=The Verge |date=29 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Refresh rates ====
Most laptop displays have a maximum [[refresh rate]] of 60&nbsp;Hz. The Dell M17x and [[Samsung]] 700G7A, both released in 2011, were among the first laptops to feature a 120&nbsp;Hz refresh rate,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dell refreshes Alienware M17x, Dell XPS 17 with 120Hz 3D HD screens, Sandy Bridge CPUs |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011-01-06-dell-outfits-alienware-m17x-dell-xps-17-with-120hz-3d-hd-screen.html |website=Engadget |date=6 January 2011 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Samsung 700G7A GAMER |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/laptops/reviews/samsung/72784-samsung-700g7a-gaming-laptop-review |website=pocket-lint.com |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en-gb |date=11 April 2012}}</ref> and more such laptops have appeared in the years since; higher refresh rate is often a distinguishing characteristic of laptops sold for gaming.

===Central processing unit (CPU)===
Laptop [[CPU]]s have advanced power-saving features and produce less heat than those intended for desktop use. The number of processor cores has generally increased over time, and as of 2025, mainstream laptops can have as few as 6 cores and as many as 16, with high end workstation laptops having as many as 24, and a few low end or ultra-portable models still being available with 4 cores. In many cases, this involves [[Heterogeneous computing|a mix of power-optimized and performance-optimized]] processor cores.

For the low price and mainstream performance, there is no longer a significant performance difference between laptop and desktop CPUs, but at the high end, the fastest desktop CPUs still substantially outperform the fastest laptop processors, at the expense of massively higher power consumption and heat generation. Laptop processors often have a very broad range in their peak power consumption vs. continuous – typically continuous power is around 15-20 watts on mainstream laptops, 45-60 watts on higher performance models, but these tend to be able to go much higher for short periods.  By contrast, desktop processors tend to start at a 65W continuous rating with performance models in the 100-120W range being very common, and specialized "high end desktop" and workstation models in some cases exceeding 300W.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=AMD Ryzen™ Threadripper™ Processors for Desktop Workstations |url=https://www.amd.com/en/products/processors/workstations/ryzen-threadripper.html#specifications |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=AMD}}</ref>

There has been a wide range of [[notebook processors|CPUs designed for laptops]] available; as of 2025, the market consists primarily of the [[X86]] and [[ARM architecture family|ARM]] architectures.  Major manufacturers include [[Intel]], [[AMD]], [[Apple silicon|Apple]] and [[Qualcomm Snapdragon|Qualcomm]]. In the past, the [[PowerPC]] architecture was also common on Apple laptops ([[iBook]] and [[PowerBook]]). Between around 2000 to 2014, most full-size laptops had socketed, replaceable CPUs; on thinner models, the CPU was soldered on the motherboard and was not replaceable or upgradable without replacing the motherboard. Since 2015, Intel has not offered new laptop CPU models with pins to be interchangeable, preferring [[ball grid array]] chip packages which have to be soldered, and as of 2025 this is true for mainstream laptops from all processor lines.<ref name=btarunr>{{Cite web |author=btarunr |date=26 November 2012 |title=Is Haswell the Last Interchangeable Intel Client Processor? |url=https://www.techpowerup.com/176133/is-haswell-the-last-interchangeable-intel-client-processor |access-date=30 May 2021 |website=TechPowerUp |language=en}}</ref> 

In the past, some laptops have used a desktop processor instead of the laptop version, which resulted in higher performance at the cost of much greater weight, heat, and limited battery life. Since around 2010, the practice has been restricted to small-volume gaming models. Laptop CPUs are rarely able to be [[overclocking|overclocked]].

===Graphics processing unit (GPU)===
On most laptops, the GPU is integrated into the CPU to conserve power and space. This was introduced by Intel with the [[Intel Core|Core i-series]] of mobile processors in 2010, followed by similar [[AMD APU]] processors in January 2011.

Higher-end laptops intended for gaming or professional 3D work tend to come with dedicated graphics processors on the motherboard or as an internal [[Mobile PCI Express Module|expansion card]]. Since 2011, these almost always involve switchable graphics so that when there is no demand for the higher performance dedicated graphics processor, the more power-efficient ''integrated'' graphics processor will be used. [[Nvidia Optimus]] and [[AMD Hybrid Graphics]] are examples of this sort of system of switchable graphics. Before that, lower-end machines tended to use graphics processors integrated into the [[chipset#Computers|system chipset]], while higher-end machines had a separate graphics processor. 

In the past, laptops ''lacking'' a ''separate'' graphics processor were limited in their utility for gaming and professional applications involving [[3D computer graphics|3D]] graphics, but the capabilities of CPU-integrated graphics have converged with the low-end of dedicated graphics processors since the mid-2010s. For laptops possessing limited onboard graphics capability but sufficient I/O throughput, an [[Graphics processing unit#External GPU (eGPU)|external GPU (eGPU)]] can provide additional graphics power at the cost of physical space and portability.

Traditionally, the system [[RAM]] on laptops (as well as on desktop computers) was physically separate from the graphics memory used by the GPU. Apple's [[Apple silicon#M series|M series]] [[System on a chip|SoC]]s feature a unified pool of memory for both the system and the GPU; this approach can produce substantial efficiency gains for some applications, while potentially limiting peak graphics performance for others.

===Memory===
As of 2025, whether laptops use removable memory or memory soldered to the motherboard is highly variable. When removable, most laptops use [[SO-DIMM]] slots in which [[RAM]] is mounted.<ref name="parts-kate"/>  A new form factor, the [[CAMM (memory module)|CAMM module]], is slated to fix the size and timing limitation. Before 2000, most laptops used proprietary memory modules if their memory was upgradable.

In the early 2010s, high end laptops such as the 2011 Samsung ''700G7A'' have passed the 10&nbsp;GB RAM barrier, featuring 16&nbsp;GB of RAM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Samsung-Series-7-Gamer-700G7A-Notebook.66523.0.html|title=Review Samsung Series 7 Gamer 700G7A Notebook|first=Florian|last=Glaser|website=Notebookcheck|date=24 November 2011 }}</ref>

When upgradeable, memory slots are sometimes accessible from the bottom of the laptop for ease of upgrading; in other cases, accessing them requires significant disassembly. Most laptops have two memory slots, although some will have only one, either for cost savings or because some amount of memory is soldered. In the past, some high end engineering workstations and gaming laptops had four slots, although this is extremely rare in 2025 with engineering workstations converging on a single CAMM slot.

{{As of|2025|post=,}} 16&nbsp;GB RAM is most common, with lower-end models occasionally having 8&nbsp;GB, and 4&nbsp;GB configurations being nearly unknown. Higher-end laptops may come with 64&nbsp;GB of RAM or more.

===Internal storage===
As of 2025, virtually all laptops use [[NVM Express|NVME]] [[solid-state drive]]s for storage, most usually in one or more [[M.2]] slots on non-[[Mac (computer)|MacOS]] laptops.  Macs have consistently used soldered NVME storage (integrated with the motherboard) since 2018, and non-removable SSDs are uncommon but not unknown on other manufacturers' laptops.

The earliest laptops most often used [[floppy disk]]s for storage, although a few used either RAM disk or tape. By the late 1980s [[hard disk drive]]s had become the standard form of storage.

Between 1990 and 2009, almost all laptops typically had a [[hard disk drive]] (HDD) for storage; since then, [[solid-state drive]]s (SSD) have gradually come to replace hard drives in virtually all cases. Solid-state drives are faster and more power-efficient, as well as eliminating the hazard of damage or data corruption caused by a laptop's physical impacts, as they use no moving/mechanical parts.<ref name="PCW-SSD">{{cite web|last1=Edwards|first1=Benj|title=Evolution of the Solid-State Drive|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/246617/evolution_of_the_solid_state_drive.html|website=PCWorld.com|access-date=1 October 2014|date=17 January 2012|archive-date=1 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001152519/http://www.pcworld.com/article/246617/evolution_of_the_solid_state_drive.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In many cases, they are more compact as well. Initially, in the late 2000s, SSDs were substantially more expensive than HDDs, but prices converged for smaller drives in the late 2010s, and as of 2025, HDDs are essentially extinct in new laptops – although very large capacity drives remain common in desktops and used externally.

Since around 1990, where a hard drive is present it will typically be a 2.5-inch drive; some very compact laptops support even smaller 1.8-inch HDDs, and a very small number used 1" [[Microdrive]]s. Between their initial introduction around 2008 and the mid-2010s, most SSDs matched the size/shape of a laptop hard drive, but starting around 2014 they have been increasingly replaced with smaller [[mSATA]] or [[M.2]] cards. SSDs intended for laptop use which are compatible with the newer and much faster [[NVM Express]] standard are only available as cards.

{{As of|2025|post=,}} very few laptops contain space for a 2.5" drive, accepting only M.2 cards; Macs and a few ultraportable non-Mac laptops have storage soldered to the motherboard. For those that can, they can typically contain a single 2.5-inch drive; in the past, some of the largest laptops could house two drives.

A variety of [[Hard disk drive#External hard disk drives|external HDDs]] or [[Network-attached storage|NAS]] data storage servers with support of [[RAID]] technology can be attached to virtually any laptop over such interfaces as [[USB]], [[FireWire]], [[eSATA]], or [[Thunderbolt (interface)|Thunderbolt]], or over a wired or wireless network to further increase space for the storage of data. Laptops may also incorporate a [[Secure Digital|SD]] or [[microSD]] card slot. This enables users to download digital pictures from an SD card onto a laptop, thus enabling them to delete the SD card's contents to free up space for taking new pictures.

===Removable media drive===
[[Optical disc drive]]s capable of playing [[CD-ROM]]s, compact discs (CD), [[DVD#DVD drives and players|DVDs]], and in some cases, [[Blu-ray|Blu-ray discs]] (BD), were nearly universal on full-sized models between the mid-1990s and the early 2010s. {{As of|2025|post=,}} drives are virtually unknown in new laptops, when needed they can be connected via USB instead.

===Speaker===
Laptops usually have built-in speakers and built-in microphones. However, integrated speakers may be small and of restricted sound quality to conserve space.

===Inputs===
[[File:Acer CB5-311 series touchpad.jpg|thumb|Closeup of a [[touchpad]] on an [[Acer Inc.|Acer]] laptop, where buttons and the touch-sensitive surface are shared]]
[[File:Trackpoint Assembly.JPG|thumb|Closeup of a [[TrackPoint]] cursor and UltraNav buttons on a [[ThinkPad]] laptop]]
[[File:RJ-45 Ethernet socket on Lenovo T410 Laptop.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Interfaces on a ThinkPad laptop (2011): [[Ethernet]] network port (center), [[VGA]] (left), [[DisplayPort]] (top right) and [[USB]] 2.0 (bottom right). Due to the trend towards very flat laptops and the widespread use of [[WLAN]], the relatively high Ethernet socket is no longer mandatory in today's devices, as is the technically outdated VGA.]]
An alphanumeric keyboard is used to enter text, data, and other commands (e.g., [[function key]]s). A [[touchpad]] (also called a trackpad), a [[pointing stick]], or both, are used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, and an integrated keyboard<ref>Most keyboards are not illuminated. Some models of laptops feature an illuminated keyboard.</ref> is used for typing. Some touchpads have buttons separate from the touch surface, while others share the surface. A quick double-tap is typically registered as a click, and operating systems may recognize multi-finger touch gestures.

An external keyboard and mouse may be connected using a [[USB]] port or wirelessly, via [[Bluetooth]] or similar technology. Some laptops have [[multitouch]] [[touchscreen]] displays, either available as an option or standard. Most laptops have [[webcam]]s and [[microphone]]s, which can be used to communicate with other people with both moving images and sound, via [[web conferencing]] or [[Videotelephony|video-calling]] software.

Laptops typically have USB ports and a combined headphone/microphone jack, for use with headphones, a combined headset, or an external mic. Many laptops have a [[card reader]] for reading digital camera SD cards.

===Input/output (I/O) ports===
On a typical laptop, there are several [[USB]] [[Computer port (hardware)|ports]]; if they use only the older USB connectors instead of [[USB-C]], they will typically have an external monitor port (as of 2025, almost always [[HDMI]]). An analog audio in/out port (in a combined socket) is common. 

[[Apple Inc.|Apple]], in a 2015 version of its [[MacBook]], transitioned from a number of different [[I/O]] ports to a single USB-C port.<ref name="MacBook_2015">{{cite web|title=Apple — MacBook — Tech Specs|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook/specs/|website=apple.com|access-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> This port can be used both for charging and connecting a variety of devices through the use of [[aftermarket (merchandise)|aftermarket]] adapters. Apple has since transitioned back to using a number of different ports. 

Although being common until the end of the 2000s decade, [[Ethernet]] network ports are uncommon in modern consumer laptops; they are more common in business model.

Higher-end systems typically include [[Thunderbolt (interface)|Thunderbolt]] ports, which also work as USB-C ports.

===Expansion cards===
As of 2025, very few laptops support expansion cards, with the primary means of expansion being via USB-C or Thunderbolt.

In the past, a [[PC Card]] (formerly [[PCMCIA]]) or [[ExpressCard]] slot for expansion was often present on laptops to allow adding and removing functionality, even when the laptop is powered on; these are becoming increasingly rare since the introduction of [[USB 3.0]]. Some internal subsystems such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or a wireless cellular modem can be implemented as replaceable internal expansion cards, usually accessible under an access cover on the bottom of the laptop. The standard for such cards is [[PCI Express]], which comes in both [[PCI Express Mini Card|mini]] and even smaller [[M.2]] sizes. In newer laptops, it is not uncommon to also see [[Micro SATA#mSATA|Micro SATA]] (mSATA) functionality on PCI Express Mini or M.2 card slots allowing the use of those slots for SATA-based solid-state drives.<ref name="parts-cards">{{cite web|title=Innovations in Notebook Expansion |url=http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/89 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050428031253/http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/article/89 |archive-date=28 April 2005 |author=Gabriel Torres |date=25 November 2004 |publisher=Hardware Secrets, LLC |access-date=15 November 2008 }}</ref>

[[Mobile PCI Express Module]] (MXM) is a type of expansion card that is used for graphics cards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notebook Video Card Upgrade / Replacement |url=https://www.notebookcheck.net/Upgrade-Replace-a-Notebook-Video-Card.3236.0.html |website=NotebookCheck}}</ref>

===Battery and power supply===
{{See also|Smart battery}}
[[File:HP Laptop Battery.jpg|thumb|Smart battery used in the late 1990s]]
Since the late 1990s, laptops have typically used [[lithium ion]] or [[lithium polymer]] [[battery (electricity)|batteries]], These replaced the older [[nickel metal-hydride]] typically used in the 1990s, and [[nickel–cadmium batteries]] used in most of the earliest laptops. A few of the oldest laptops used [[non-rechargeable batteries]], or [[Lead–acid battery|lead–acid batteries.]]

Battery life is highly variable by model and workload and can range from one hour to nearly a day. A battery's performance [[Capacity loss|gradually decreases over time]]; a noticeable reduction in capacity is typically evident after two to three years of regular use, depending on the charging and discharging pattern and the design of the battery. Innovations in laptops and batteries have seen situations in which the battery can provide up to 24 hours of continued operation, assuming average power consumption levels. An example is the HP EliteBook 6930p when used with its ultra-capacity battery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/ca/en/sm/WF06a/321957-321957-64295-89315-89315-3688868.html?dnr=1 |title=HP EliteBook 6930p Notebook PC specifications – HP Products and Services Products |publisher=HP |date=25 May 2009 |access-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601103622/http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/ca/en/sm/WF06a/321957-321957-64295-89315-89315-3688868.html?dnr=1 |archive-date=1 June 2012}}</ref>

Laptops with removable batteries may support larger replacement batteries with extended capacity.

A laptop's battery is charged using an external [[power supply]], which is plugged into a wall outlet. The power supply outputs a DC voltage typically in the range of 7.2—24 volts. The power supply is usually external and connected to the laptop through a DC connector cable. In most cases, it can charge the battery and power the laptop simultaneously. When the battery is fully charged, the laptop continues to run on power supplied by the external power supply, avoiding battery use. If the used power supply is not strong enough to power computing components and charge the battery simultaneously, the battery may charge in a shorter period of time if the laptop is turned off or sleeping. The charger typically adds about {{convert|400|g|lb}} to the overall transporting weight of a laptop, although some models are substantially heavier or lighter. Most 2016-era laptops use a [[smart battery]], a rechargeable [[battery pack]] with a built-in [[battery management system]] (BMS). The smart battery can internally measure voltage and current, and deduce charge level and State of Health (SoH) parameters, indicating the state of the cells.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

=== Power connectors ===
[[File:Notebook-Computer-AC-Adapter.jpg|thumb|Laptop power supply with cylindrical coaxial DC power connector]]<!--Replace with a more close-up photo if found-->
As of 2025, laptops are broadly divided between being powered only by USB-C connectors (including all Apple models) vs. having a dedicated [[DC connectors|DC power connector]]; most systems since the mid-2010s that have both connectors can be powered by either.

Dedicated connectors are typically cylindrical/barrel-shaped [[coaxial power connector]]s; some vendors such as [[Lenovo]] make use of rectangular.  Before the mid-2000s, specialized connectors were much more common.

Some connector heads feature a center pin to allow the end device to determine the power supply type by measuring the resistance between it and the connector's negative pole (outer surface). Vendors may block charging if a power supply is not recognized as the original part, which could deny the legitimate use of universal third-party chargers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hackaday.com/2020/05/27/hacking-dell-laptops-to-use-off-brand-chargers/|title=Hacking Dell Laptops To Use Off-Brand Chargers|date=27 May 2020}}</ref>

With the advent of [[USB-C]], [[portable electronics]] made increasing use of it for both [[USB Power Delivery|power delivery]] and data transfer. Its support for 20 V (common laptop power supply voltage) and 5 A typically suffices for low to mid-end laptops, but some with higher power demands such as [[gaming laptop]]s depend on dedicated DC connectors to handle currents beyond 5 A without risking overheating, some even above 10 A. Additionally, dedicated DC connectors are more durable and less prone to wear and tear from frequent reconnection, as their design is less delicate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/what-is-usb-c-an-explainer|title=What Is USB-C? An Explainer|website=PCMAG|date=19 February 2025 }}</ref>

===Cooling===
[[Waste heat]] from the operation is difficult to remove in the compact internal space of a laptop. The earliest laptops used passive cooling, but since the mid-1990s nearly all laptops have used fans to use forced air cooling.  Earlier laptops used [[heat sink]]s, but since the 2000s, virtually all laptops instead rely on [[heat pipe]]s or move waste heat towards the edges of the device, to allow for a much smaller and compact fan and heat sink cooling system. Waste heat is usually exhausted away from the device operator towards the rear or sides of the device. Multiple air intake paths are used since some intakes can be blocked, such as when the device is placed on a soft conforming surface like a chair cushion. Secondary device temperature monitoring may reduce performance or trigger an emergency shutdown if it is unable to dissipate heat, such as if the laptop were to be left running and placed inside a carrying case. Aftermarket cooling pads with external fans can be used with laptops to reduce operating temperatures.

===Docking station===
[[File:Docking station 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Docking station and laptop]]

A [[docking station]] (sometimes referred to simply as a ''dock'') is a laptop accessory that contains multiple ports and in some cases expansion slots or bays for fixed or removable drives. A laptop connects and disconnects to a docking station, typically through a single large proprietary connector. A docking station is an especially popular laptop accessory in a corporate computing environment, due to the possibility of a docking station transforming a laptop into a full-featured desktop replacement, yet allowing for its easy release. This ability can be advantageous to "[[Road warrior (computing)|road warrior]]" employees who have to travel frequently for work, and yet who also come into the office. If more ports are needed, or their position on a laptop is inconvenient, one can use a cheaper passive device known as a [[Docking station#Port replicator|port replicator]]. These devices mate to the connectors on the laptop, such as through [[USB]] or [[FireWire]].

===Charging trolleys===
[[Laptop charging trolley]]s, also known as laptop trolleys or laptop carts, are mobile storage containers to charge multiple [[laptops]], [[netbooks]], and [[tablet computer]]s at the same time. The trolleys are used in schools that have replaced their traditional static computer labs<ref name="doug">{{cite web|last=Woods|first=Dough|title=Getting rid of the ICT suite|url=http://dougwoods.co.uk/blog/getting-rid-of-the-ict-suite/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006051528/http://dougwoods.co.uk/blog/getting-rid-of-the-ict-suite/|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2010|work=Blog}}</ref> suites of desktop equipped with "tower" computers, but do not have enough plug sockets in an individual classroom to charge all of the devices. The trolleys can be wheeled between rooms and [[classrooms]] so that all students and teachers in a particular building can access fully [[electric charge|charged]] [[IT]] equipment.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilce|first=Hilary|title=Welcome to Lapland|url=http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=341261|newspaper=TES Magazine|date=1 December 2000|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526050514/https://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=341261|archive-date=26 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Laptop charging trolleys are also used to deter and protect against opportunistic and organized theft. Schools, especially those with [[open plan]] designs, are often prime targets for [[thieves]] who steal high-value items. Laptops, netbooks, and tablets are among the highest–value portable items in a school. Moreover, laptops can easily be concealed under clothing and stolen from buildings. Many types of laptop–charging trolleys are designed and constructed to protect against theft. They are generally made out of steel, and the laptops remain locked up while not in use. Although the trolleys can be moved between areas from one classroom to another, they can often be mounted or locked to the floor, support pillars, or walls to prevent thieves from stealing the laptops, especially overnight.<ref name="doug" />

===Solar panels===
{{main|Solar notebook}}

In some laptops, solar panels are able to generate enough solar power for the laptop to operate.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clarke|first=Gavin|title=The SOLAR-POWERED Ubuntu laptop|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/07/ubuntu_solar_powered_laptop/|publisher=The Register |access-date=7 August 2013}}</ref> The [[One Laptop Per Child]] Initiative released the [[OLPC XO-1]] laptop which was tested and successfully operated by use of solar panels.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ITHNbOrPQyM Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130226120605/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITHNbOrPQyM Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITHNbOrPQyM |title=OLPC XO laptop powered by a solar panel |via=YouTube |date=9 January 2012 |access-date=23 October 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> They were designing an [[OLPC XO-3]] laptop with these features. The OLPC XO-3 was planned to operate with 2 watts of electricity.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Elizabeth Woyke |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethwoyke/2012/01/08/a-look-at-olpcs-xo-3-0-tablets-solar-and-kinetic-chargers/ |title=A Look at OLPC's XO 3.0 Tablet's Solar And Kinetic Chargers |magazine=Forbes |date=18 April 2012 |access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://laptop.org/en/vision/mission/faq.shtml |title=One Laptop per Child (OLPC): Frequently Asked Questions |website=Laptop.org |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318192106/http://www.laptop.org/en/vision/mission/faq.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Samsung]] has also designed the NC215S solar–powered notebook that was planned to be sold commercially in the U.S. market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inhabitat.com/samsungs-solar-powered-laptop-to-go-on-sale-in-us-in-july/ |title=Samsung's Solar Powered Laptop Will Be First Sun Powered Laptop Sold in US &#124; Inhabitat&nbsp;– Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building |date=21 June 2011 |publisher=Inhabitat |access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>

===Accessories===
A common accessory for laptops is a laptop sleeve, laptop skin, or laptop case, which provides a degree of protection from scratches. Sleeves, which are distinguished by being relatively thin and flexible, are most commonly made of [[neoprene]], with sturdier ones made of [[LRPu|low-resilience polyurethane]]. Some laptop sleeves are wrapped in [[ballistic nylon]] to provide some measure of [[waterproofing]]. Bulkier and sturdier cases can be made of metal with polyurethane padding inside and may have locks for added security. Metal, padded cases also offer protection against impacts and drops. Another common accessory is a [[laptop cooler]], a device that helps lower the internal temperature of the laptop either actively or passively. A common active method involves using electric fans to draw heat away from the laptop, while a passive method might involve propping the laptop up on some type of pad so it can receive more airflow. Some stores sell laptop pads that enable a reclining person on a bed to use a laptop.

===Modularity===
[[File:Lenovo G555 состав - Донор.JPG|thumb|Opened bottom covers allow replacement of RAM and storage modules (Lenovo G555)]]
Some of the components of earlier models of laptops can easily be replaced without opening completely its bottom part, such as the keyboard, battery, hard disk, memory modules, and CPU cooling fan.

Some of the components of recent models of laptops reside inside. Replacing most of its components, such as the keyboard, battery, hard disk, memory modules, CPU cooling fan, etc., requires the removal of either the top or bottom part, the removal of the motherboard, and returning them.

In some types, solder and glue are used to mount components such as RAM, storage, and batteries, making repairs additionally difficult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laptopmag.com/au/articles/ram-upgrade-tutorial|title=How to upgrade the RAM (memory) on a laptop|author1=Melanie Pinola Contributions from Sean Riley|date=8 June 2022|website=LaptopMag}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/apple-macbook-pro-battery-replacement/|title=Need a New MacBook Pro Battery? Here's Your Guide!|date=15 March 2021|website=Digital Trends}}</ref>

===Obsolete features===
[[File:3Com modem - Ethernet PCMCIA in IBM 9547.jpg|thumb|200px|A [[modem]] [[PCMCIA]] card on a 1990s ThinkPad. The card would normally fully insert into the socket.]]

Features that certain early models of laptops used to have that are not available in more recent models include:
* Reset ("cold restart") button in a hole (needed a thin metal tool to press)
* Instant power off button in a hole (needed a thin metal tool to press)
* Integrated charger or power adapter inside the laptop
* Dedicated Media buttons (Internet, Volume, Play, Pause, Next, Previous)
* [[Floppy disk drive]]
* [[Serial port]]
* [[Parallel port]]
* [[Modem]]
* [[IEEE 1394]] port
* [[Docking port]]
* Shared [[PS/2 port|PS/2]] input device port
* [[IrDA]]
* [[S-video]] port
* [[S/PDIF]] audio port
* [[PC Card]] / [[PCMCIA]] slot
* [[ExpressCard]] slot
* [[CD Drive|CD/DVD Drives]] (starting with 2013 models)
* [[VGA port]] (starting with 2013 models)
* [[USB-A]] (starting with some 2022 models)
* [[HDMI|HDMI port]] (starting with some 2022 models)
* Full size [[SD Card]] slot (starting with some 2022 models)
* Dedicated charging port (starting with some 2022 models)