Editing Learned helplessness (section)

===Depression===
[[Abnormal psychology|Abnormal]] and [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive]] psychologists have found a strong correlation between depression-like symptoms and learned helplessness in laboratory animals.<ref name="Stressors">{{cite journal |last1=Maier |first1=Steven F. |last2=Watkins |first2=Linda R. |title=Stressor controllability and learned helplessness: The roles of the dorsal raphe nucleus, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing factor |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |date=January 2005 |volume=29 |issue=4–5 |pages=829–841 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.021 |pmid=15893820 }}</ref> Steven Maier, a professor from the University of Colorado, states that a model of depression could be caused by "impaired medial prefrontal cortical inhibitory control over stress-responsive limbic and brainstem structures." Comorbidity between psychological disorders and learned helplessness may be due to stressful events. Maier also mentions depression may not be the only mental illness that this involves, which could link to other mental illnesses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Forgeard MJ, Haigh EA, Beck AT, Davidson RJ, Henn FA, Maier SF, Mayberg HS, Seligman ME | display-authors = 6 | title = Beyond Depression: Towards a Process-Based Approach to Research, Diagnosis, and Treatment | journal = Clinical Psychology | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 275–299 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22509072 | pmc = 3325764 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01259.x }}</ref> Similarly, the National Institutes of Health, in 2021, looked at a wide range of depressive models. It highlights the learned helplessness model. The model allows one to predict depressive symptoms because of its high rates of overlap with [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] and [[major depressive disorder]], which is the leading research in the article, "Overlapping neurobiology of learned helplessness and conditioned defeat: Implications for PTSD and mood disorders."<ref name=":1" />

(See Neurobiological perspective section above for further information on this article)

Young adults and middle-aged parents with a pessimistic explanatory style often suffer from depression.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chang | first1 = E.C. | last2 = Sanna | first2 = L.J. | year = 2007 | title = Affectivity and psychological adjustment across two adult generations: Does pessimistic explanatory style still matter? | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 43 | issue = 5| pages = 1149–59 | doi=10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.007}}</ref> They tend to be poor at problem-solving and [[cognitive restructuring]] and demonstrate poor job satisfaction and interpersonal relationships in the workplace.<ref name="life stress" /><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Welbourne | first1 = J.L. | last2 = Eggerth | first2 = D. | last3 = Hartley | first3 = T.A. | last4 = Andrew | first4 = M.E. | last5 = Sanchez | first5 = F. | year = 2007 | title = Coping strategies in the workplace: Relationships with attributional style and job satisfaction | journal = Journal of Vocational Behavior | volume = 70 | issue = 2| pages = 312–25 | doi=10.1016/j.jvb.2006.10.006}}</ref> Those with a pessimistic style can have weakened [[immune systems]]. It includes increased vulnerability to minor ailments (e.g., cold, fever) and major illnesses (e.g., heart attack, cancers). It can also cause poorer recovery from health problems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=Kymberley K. |last2=Elliot |first2=Marta |title=Pessimistic Explanatory Style and Cardiac Health: What is the Relation and the Mechanism that Links Them? |journal=Basic and Applied Social Psychology |date=September 2005 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=239–248 |doi=10.1207/s15324834basp2703_5 }}</ref>