Editing Learning styles (section)

===Cognitive approaches===
Anthony Grasha and Sheryl Riechmann, in 1974, formulated the Grasha-Reichmann Learning Style Scale.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Riechmann |first1=Sheryl Wetter |last2=Grasha |first2=Anthony F. |date=July 1974 |title=A rational approach to developing and assessing the construct validity of a student learning style scales instrument |journal=[[The Journal of Psychology]] |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=213–223 |doi=10.1080/00223980.1974.9915693}}</ref> It was developed to analyze the attitudes of students and how they approach learning. The test was originally designed to provide teachers with insight on how to approach instructional plans for college students.<ref>{{cite book |last=Grasha |first=Anthony F. |date=1996 |title=Teaching with style: a practical guide to enhancing learning by understanding teaching and learning styles |series=Curriculum for change series |location=Pittsburgh |publisher=Alliance Publishers |isbn=0964507110 |oclc=34349818}}</ref> Grasha's background was in [[cognitive processes]] and [[Coping (psychology)|coping]] techniques. Unlike some models of cognitive styles which are relatively nonjudgmental, Grasha and Riechmann distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive styles. The names of Grasha and Riechmann's learning styles are:

*avoidant
*participative
*competitive
*collaborative
*dependent
*independent

Aiming to explain why aptitude tests, school grades, and classroom performance often fail to identify real ability, [[Robert Sternberg]] listed various cognitive dimensions in his book ''Thinking Styles''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sternberg |first=Robert J. |author-link=Robert Sternberg |date=1997 |title=Thinking styles |location=Cambridge, UK; New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0521553164 |oclc=36315844 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgxBqGIfJjAC}}</ref> Several other models are also often used when researching [[cognitive style]]s; some of these models are described in books that Sternberg co-edited, such as ''Perspectives on Thinking, Learning, and Cognitive Styles''.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Sternberg |editor1-first=Robert J. |editor1-link=Robert Sternberg |editor2-last=Zhang |editor2-first=Li-fang |date=2001 |title=Perspectives on thinking, learning, and cognitive styles |location=Mahwah, NJ |publisher=[[Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]] |isbn=0805834303 |oclc=44619517 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMeQAgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Zhang |editor1-first=Li-fang |editor2-last=Sternberg |editor2-first=Robert J. |editor2-link=Robert Sternberg |date=2009 |title=Perspectives on the nature of intellectual styles |location=New York |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=9780826104601 |oclc=301893408 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6drSmW4AbfEC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Zhang |editor1-first=Li-fang |editor2-last=Sternberg |editor2-first=Robert J. |editor2-link=Robert Sternberg |editor3-last=Rayner |editor3-first=Stephen |date=2012 |title=Handbook of intellectual styles: preferences in cognition, learning, and thinking |location=New York |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=9780826106674 |oclc=714734148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Og8rJGaXCDwC}}</ref>