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Lift-to-drag ratio
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==Examples of L/D ratios== [[File:Bruno Gantenbrink Nimeta D-KGYY.jpg|thumb|The [[Eta (glider)|eta]] has the best glide ratio for a sailplane]] {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * [[House sparrow]]: 4:1 * [[European herring gull|Herring gull]] 10:1 * [[Common tern]] 12:1 * [[Albatross]] 20:1 * [[Wright Flyer]] 8.3:1 * [[Boeing 747]] in cruise 17.7:1.<ref name=fili>{{cite web|url=http://aerodyn.org/HighLift/ld-tables.html |author=Antonio Filippone |work=Advanced topics in aerodynamics |title=Lift-to-Drag Ratios |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328133906/http://aerodyn.org/HighLift/ld-tables.html |archive-date=March 28, 2008 }}</ref> * Cruising [[Airbus A380]] 20:1<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jet Propulsion|last=Cumpsty|first=Nicholas|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|pages=4}}</ref> * [[Concorde]] at takeoff and landing 4:1, increasing to 12:1 at Mach 0.95 and 7.5:1 at Mach 2<ref name=concorde>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VzNUJlX7CXoC|title= The Concorde Story |author= Christopher Orlebar |page= 116 |publisher= Osprey Publishing |date= 1997 |isbn= 9781855326675 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[Helicopter]] at {{cvt|100|knots|km/h}} 4.5:1<ref name=leish>{{cite book |author= Leishman, J. Gordon |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nMV-TkaX-9cC&pg=PA230|title= Principles of helicopter aerodynamics |page=230 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |date= 24 April 2006 |isbn= 0521858607 |quote= The maximum lift-to-drag ratio of the complete helicopter is about 4.5}}</ref> * [[Cessna 172]] gliding 10.9:1<ref name=c172/> * Cruising [[Lockheed U-2]] 25.6:1<ref>{{cite AV media |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQnBJrj_-l8 |title= U2 Developments transcript |publisher= [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date= 1960 |via= YouTube |access-date= 2016-03-05 |archive-date= 2022-06-19 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220619041725/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQnBJrj_-l8 |url-status= dead }} *{{cite web |date=June 4, 2013 |title=U2 Developments |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/video-center/video-transcripts/u2-developments.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816051125/https://www.cia.gov/library/video-center/video-transcripts/u2-developments.html |archive-date=2013-08-16 |website=Central Intelligence Agency }}</ref> * [[Rutan Voyager]] 27:1 * [[Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer]] 37:1<ref name=noland>{{cite magazine |author= David Noland |title= The Ultimate Solo |magazine= Popular Mechanics |date= February 2005 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=984DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79}}</ref> {{div col end}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Computed aerodynamic characteristics<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://download.docslide.com.br/getdownload/document/?id=7IJToCKFQw1H4bxRVjAQc53PeU0CJKL04f4MFQhIRbSW%2F98TIdrs5xeyro9No7gOgevKjxbS9apqzxEm7avV1Q%3D%3D |title= Historical evolution of air transport productivity and efficiency |author= Rodrigo Martínez-Val|display-authors=etal|doi= 10.2514/6.2005-121 |date= January 2005 |journal= 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit |url-access= subscription }}{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ! Jetliner !! cruise L/D !! data-sort-type="date" | First flight |- | [[Lockheed L1011]]-100 || 14.5 || Nov 16, 1970 |- | [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]]-40 || 13.8 || Aug 29, 1970 |- | [[Airbus A300]]-600 || 15.2 || Oct 28, 1972 |- | [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]] || 16.1 || Jan 10, 1990 |- | [[Boeing 767]]-200ER || 16.1 || Sep 26, 1981 |- | [[Airbus A310]]-300 || 15.3 || Apr 3, 1982 |- | [[Boeing 747]]-200 || 15.3 || Feb 9, 1969 |- | [[Boeing 747-400]] || 15.5 || Apr 29, 1988 |- | [[Boeing 757]]-200 || 15.0 || Feb 19, 1982 |- | [[Airbus A320]]-200 || 16.3 || Feb 22, 1987 |- | [[Airbus A310]]-300 || 18.1 || Nov 2, 1992 |- | [[Airbus A340]]-200 || 19.2 || Apr 1, 1992 |- | [[Airbus A340]]-300 || 19.1 || Oct 25, 1991 |- | [[Boeing 777]]-200 || 19.3 || Jun 12, 1994 |}
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